23.7 Confidence intervals: Mean differences

The CI for the mean difference has the same form as for a single mean (Chap. 22), so an approximate 95% confidence interval (CI) for $\mu_d$ is

$\bar{d} \pm 2 \times\text{s.e.}(\bar{d}).$ This is the same as the CI for $\bar{x}$ if the differences are considered as the data.

For the insulation data:
$0.54 \pm (2 \times 0.3211784),$ or $0.54\pm 0.642$ . This CI is equivalent to $0.54 - 0.642 = -0.102$ , up to $0.54 + 0.642 = 1.182$ . We write:

Based on the sample, an approximate 95% CI for the population mean energy saving after adding the wall cavity insulation is from $-0.10$ to $1.18$ MWh.

The negative number is not an energy consumption value; it is a negative mean amount of energy saved. Saving a negative amount is like using more energy. So the 95% CI is saying that we are reasonably confident that, after adding the insulation, the mean energy-use difference is between using $0.10$ MWh more energy to using $1.18$ MWh less energy. Alternatively, the plausible values for the mean energy savings are between $-0.10$ to $1.18$ MWh.