4.1 Ethical guidelines
Studies must be designed to be ethical, and must meet ethical guidelines. USC’s Office of Research descibes its joba s being committed to
…promoting responsible research practices and fostering a strong and sustainable research culture that is built upon the highest standard of honesty, integrity, compliance and respect for human research participants, animals and the environment.
— USC Research Office.
Studies need to be ethical to minimise risk of harm to the environment and to participants, and to preserve the well-being, dignity, rights and safety of participants (including animals!).
Most research studies require a massive ethics approval process. USC has an ethics committee, as do all universities and research organisations (such as Queensland Health).
There is insufficient space to cover all ethical issues in detail, but some are obvious and many ethical issues are common-sense.
Example 4.1 (Ethics) Some people think that ethics applies only to studies involving people and/or animals. However, this is not true: ethics is important in all types of research. For example:
An evaluation of ethics in engineering (Rubbo et al. 2019) found that 238 engineering articles published between 1945 and 2015 were retracted; the most common reason for retraction was unethical research practice.
A study of 807 researchers in ecology (Fraser et al. 2018) found very high rates of Questionable Research Practices (QRPs) by researchers (such as deciding on hypotheses after results are known), often above 50% for some types of QRPs; these results were similar to the rates of QRPs in psychology.
Coudert (2019) documents retractions in the chemical sciences in 2017 and 2018, a total of 331 articles. The reasons for the retractions include unethical practices such as falsification of data and plagiarism.