第 49 章 模拟与抽样2

我很推崇infer基于模拟的假设检验。本节课的内容是用tidyverse技术重复infer过程,让统计分析透明。

library(tidyverse)
library(infer)

penguins <- palmerpenguins::penguins %>% drop_na()

penguins %>%
  specify(formula = bill_length_mm ~ sex) %>%
  hypothesize(null = "independence") %>%
  generate(reps = 5000, type = "permute") %>% 
  calculate(
    stat = "diff in means",
    order = c("male", "female")
  ) %>%
  visualize()

49.1 重复infer中diff in means的抽样过程

两个假设:

  • 独立性假设。假设有 y 和 x 两者独立,即y 与 x 无关,一个怎么变,都不会影响另一个。
  • 零假设,x下有两个组(male, female),每组对应的y的均值是相等的,均值之差为0.

具体怎么做呢?

49.1.1 抽样

  • 解释变量x列不动
  • 响应变量y这一列,洗牌后放回。

相当于重新排列了y,所以抽样方法叫是”permute”。由图中可以看到每次抽样返回一个与原数据框大小相等的新数据框。下面以一个小的数据框为例演示

tbl <- tibble(
  y = 1:4,
  x = c("a", "a", "b", "b")
)
tbl
## # A tibble: 4 × 2
##       y x    
##   <int> <chr>
## 1     1 a    
## 2     2 a    
## 3     3 b    
## 4     4 b

重新排列y

y <- tbl[[1]]
y_prime <- sample(y, size = length(y), replace = FALSE)
  
tbl[1] <- y_prime 
tbl
## # A tibble: 4 × 2
##       y x    
##   <int> <chr>
## 1     1 a    
## 2     3 a    
## 3     4 b    
## 4     2 b

也可以写成函数形式

permute_once <- function(df) {
  y <- df[[1]]
  y_prime <- sample(y, size = length(y), replace = FALSE)
  
  df[1] <- y_prime 
  return(df)
}

tbl %>% permute_once()
## # A tibble: 4 × 2
##       y x    
##   <int> <chr>
## 1     3 a    
## 2     4 a    
## 3     2 b    
## 4     1 b

这个操作需要重复若干次,比如100次,即得到100个数据框,因此可以使用purrr::map()迭代

1:100 %>% 
   purrr::map(~ permute_once(tbl)) 

为方便灵活定义重复的次数,也可以改成函数,并且为每次返回的样本(数据框),编一个序号

permuate_repeat <- function(df, reps = 30){
  df_out <- 
    purrr::map_dfr(.x = 1:reps, .f = ~ permute_once(df)) %>% 
    dplyr::mutate(replicate = rep(1:reps, each = nrow(df))) %>% 
    dplyr::group_by(replicate)
  
  return(df_out)
}

tbl %>% permuate_repeat(reps = 1000)
## # A tibble: 4,000 × 3
## # Groups:   replicate [1,000]
##        y x     replicate
##    <int> <chr>     <int>
##  1     4 a             1
##  2     3 a             1
##  3     1 b             1
##  4     2 b             1
##  5     4 a             2
##  6     1 a             2
##  7     2 b             2
##  8     3 b             2
##  9     1 a             3
## 10     3 a             3
## # ℹ 3,990 more rows

49.1.2 计算null假设分布

计算每次抽样中,a 组和 b 组的均值,以及这两个均值的差

null_dist <- tbl %>% 
  permuate_repeat(reps = 1000) %>% 

  group_by(replicate, x) %>% 
  summarise(ybar = mean(y)) %>% 
  group_by(replicate) %>% 
  summarise(
    stat = ybar[x == "a"] - ybar[x == "b"]
  )

null_dist
## # A tibble: 1,000 × 2
##    replicate  stat
##        <int> <dbl>
##  1         1    -2
##  2         2     1
##  3         3    -2
##  4         4     0
##  5         5    -1
##  6         6     0
##  7         7     1
##  8         8    -1
##  9         9     0
## 10        10     1
## # ℹ 990 more rows

49.1.3 可视化

null_dist %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = stat)) +
  geom_histogram(bins = 15, color = "white")

49.1.4 应用penguins

samples <- penguins %>% 
  select(bill_length_mm, sex) %>% 
  permuate_repeat(reps = 5000)

null_dist <- samples %>% 
  group_by(replicate, sex) %>% 
  summarise(ybar = mean(bill_length_mm)) %>% 
  group_by(replicate) %>% 
  summarise(
    stat = ybar[sex == "male"] - ybar[sex == "female"]
  )

null_dist %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = stat)) +
  geom_histogram(bins = 15, color = "white")
penguins %>%
  group_by(sex) %>%
  summarize(avg_rating = mean(bill_length_mm, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
  mutate(diff_means = avg_rating - lag(avg_rating))
## # A tibble: 2 × 3
##   sex    avg_rating diff_means
##   <fct>       <dbl>      <dbl>
## 1 female       42.1      NA   
## 2 male         45.9       3.76
p_value <- sum(null_dist$stat > 3.757792) / length(null_dist$stat)
p_value
## [1] 0