29.4 The test statistic: Mean differences

The sample mean difference can be located on the sampling distribution (Fig. 29.3) by computing the \(t\)-score:

\[ t = \frac{0.54 - 0}{0.3212} = 1.681, \] following the ideas in Equation (27.1). Software computes the \(t\)-score too (jamovi: Fig. 29.4; SPSS: Fig. 29.5). The \(t\)-score places the observed sample statistic on the sampling distribution.