2.5 Noteworthy ggplot details
The complexity and power of ggplot2 (Wickham et al., 2021) can be confusing and overwhelming at first.
But as the underlying “grammar of graphics” is highly systematic, it is helpful to identify its main concepts and some elements of its syntax (i.e., what goes where).
Here are some noteworthy details that help composing visualizations with the ggplot() function:
Basics: Creating a plot with
ggplot()requires some<DATA>, some geometric object (geom), and some mapping of variables to the elements of a particular type of plot:The
<DATA>used is typically a rectangular table (data frame or tibble) in long format, with categorical variables represented as factors.An aesthetic mapping assigns variables (i.e., columns of
<DATA>) to the dimensions of a plot (e.g., its \(x\)- or \(y\)-coordinates) or to the visual features of geometric objects (so-called geoms).While the argument names
data =andmappings =can be omitted, an aesthetic mappingaes(<MAPPING>)for at least one geom is required.
Geoms: The type of plot is determined by selecting geometric objects (geoms):
Different geoms require different aesthetic mappings.
Multiple geoms can be stacked as the layers of a plot, but their order matters: Later layers are printed on top of earlier ones.
In multi-line
ggplot()calls, a sequence of functions is combined by the symbol+, rather than by%>%, which is the forward pipe operator provided by the magrittr package (Bache & Wickham, 2022). The+symbol is placed at the end of every non-final line, rather than at the beginning of the next line. (See Section 3.3 for information about the forward pipe operator.)
Aesthetics can be assigned on multiple levels and as arguments of different functions:
When multiple geoms share aesthetic mappings, their common
aes(<MAPPING>)appears in the initial line of theggplot()function (i.e., behind<DATA>). This first line contains global aesthetic mappings (applicable to all geoms), whereas individual geoms contain local aesthetic mappings (applicable to only this particular geom).Aesthetic settings (like colors, sizes, shapes, etc.) can be assigned both within an
aes()function and outside ofaes(), as arguments to anygeom_...(). The difference is that assignments withinaes()are mappings (i.e., assign aesthetics to variables), whereas assignments outside ofaes()do not involve variables (i.e., set aesthetics to specific values).
Both the content and the visual appearance of plots are highly customizable (e.g., by supplying aesthetic arguments, combining multiple geoms in one plot, using facets, adding labels and legends, and applying pre-defined themes). Tuning plots can be fun (see Section 4.2.11 for some examples), but we should always keep in mind our plot’s communicative goal and its intended audience.