BS0005: One Health
About this Website
1
Human History and Diseases, Food, and the Environment
1.1
Food and Human History
1.1.1
Neolithic agricultural revolution
1.1.2
Feeding a billion individuals (800 AD - 1825)
1.1.3
Feeding four billion individuals (1825 to 1975)
1.1.4
Feeding six billion individuals (to 2000)
1.2
Famines in Human History
1.2.1
Irish famine
1.2.2
Great Bengal famine
1.3
Diseases in Human History
1.3.1
Bubonic plague
1.3.2
Smallpox
1.3.3
Cholera
1.3.4
Yellow fever (i.e., American plaque)
1.3.5
Spanish flu
1.3.6
Case study: SARS outbreak in 2002 to 2004
1.4
Climate Change and its Impact on Human Health
1.4.1
Impacts on human health
2
(Re-)Emerging Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
2.1
Viruses and Basic Terminology
2.1.1
Viruses
2.1.2
Basic terminologies
2.2
Dengue Virus
2.2.1
Consequences of dengue
2.2.2
Drivers of dengue transmission
2.2.3
Male
Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes to reduce dengue vector populations in Singapore
2.3
Chikungunya
2.3.1
A226V mutation
2.4
West Nile Virus
2.4.1
Transmission
2.5
Ebola Virus
2.5.1
Transmission cycle of Ebola
2.6
Nipah Virus
2.6.1
Transmission cycle of Nipah Virus
2.7
Coronaviruses
2.7.1
Casualties from SARS
2.7.2
Transmission cycle of Coronaviruses
3
Importance and Challenges of One Health Initiatives
3.1
John Snow
3.1.1
Significance of the Snow’s work
3.2
Land Use and Zoonoses
3.2.1
Malaria
3.3
Human Behavior
3.4
Food and Agricultural Systems
3.4.1
Human waste
3.4.2
Seafood
3.4.3
Antibiotic resistance
3.5
Environmental Factors
3.5.1
Climate change and VBDs in Nepal
3.6
Animal and Human Health
3.6.1
Barriers to the one health approach
3.6.2
Enablers of the one health approach
4
Vector-Borne Diseases, Disease-Causing Agents, Mechanisms of Transmission, and Control Strategies
4.1
Demographics of Dengue
4.1.1
Dengue Statistics in Singapore
4.2
Dengue Spread and the Virus
4.2.1
What about the virus?
4.2.2
How does Dengue get transmitted?
4.2.3
Arbovirus infections in mosquitoes
4.3
MOH and the NEA
4.3.1
Integrated vector management (i.e., IVM)
4.4
Project Wolbachia
4.4.1
How safe is Project Wolbachia?
4.4.2
Media coverages on Project Wolbachia
4.4.3
Public sentiments on Project Wolbachia
5
Zoonoses and Disease-Causing Agents, Mechanisms of Transmission and Control Strategies
5.1
Zoonoses and Disease-Causing Agents
5.1.1
Key points of zoonoses
5.1.2
Types of zoonoses
5.1.3
Classifying zoonoses
5.1.4
Affiliated animals
5.1.5
Etiological classifications
5.2
Mechanisms of Transmission
5.2.1
Courses of disease in humans
5.3
Importance
5.3.1
Veterinary public health
5.3.2
Human-animal bonds
5.3.3
Why are zoonoses important in today’s socioecological context?
5.4
Surveillance
5.4.1
Why do we survey animal diseases?
5.5
Strategies for control
5.5.1
Intervention programs
5.5.2
Multi-disciplinary collaborations
5.5.3
Disease control
5.6
Stories
5.6.1
Jenner’s smallpox vaccine
5.6.2
SARS
5.6.3
MERS
5.6.4
Nipah virus
6
Foodborne Illnesses and Disease-Causing Agents
6.1
Food Poisoning in Singapore (1965 - 2017)
6.1.1
Climate variations and salmonellosis
6.1.2
Drivers in the rise of foodborne illness incidences
6.2
An Overview of Food Microbiology
6.2.1
What is a foodborne illness?
6.2.2
Typhoid Mary
6.2.3
Common symptoms of foodborne illness
6.3
Common Foodborne Illnesses and Frequently Implicated Foods in Singapore
6.3.1
Salmonella
6.3.2
Listeria monocytogenes
6.3.3
Bacillus cerus
6.3.4
Staphlococcus aureus
6.3.5
Norovirus
6.3.6
Managment of foodborne illness from the one health perspective
6.4
Challenges and Strategies for Controlling Foodborne Pathogens
6.4.1
Improving harvesting practices for preventing contamination
6.4.2
Bacteria grow rapidly at higher temperatures
6.4.3
Potentially dangerous foods
6.5
Stories of Toxicity and Contamination
6.5.1
Needle found in strawberries
6.5.2
High levels of pesticides found in lettuce
7
Laboratory Diagnosis: Principles and Tools
7.1
Key Points of Lan Diagnosis
7.1.1
Validating diagnoses
7.2
Types of Diagnoses
7.2.1
Specimen collection
7.2.2
Overview of microscopy methods
7.2.3
Cell cultures
7.2.4
Immunologic tests
7.2.5
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
7.3
Case Studies
7.3.1
Influenza A virus
7.3.2
Diagnosing influenza A
7.3.3
SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis
7.3.4
Lab Diagnosis for malaria
7.3.5
Dengue Virus
7.4
New Diagnosis and Technology Development
8
Public Health Epidemiology, Outbreak Investigation, and Management
8.1
Detecting Outbreaks
8.2
Epidemics, Outbreaks, and Clusters
8.3
Why Investigate an Outbreak?
8.3.1
Should we investigate pathogens or leave them be?
8.4
10 Key Steps in Outbreak Investigation
8.4.1
Confirming an outbreak
8.4.2
Establishing an outbreak team and developing case definitions
8.4.3
Systematic case finding and data collection
8.4.4
Descriptive epidemiology
8.4.5
Hypothesis generation
8.4.6
Hypothesis testing
8.4.7
Microbiological investigations or environmental studies
8.4.8
Control and prevention measures
8.4.9
Surveillance
8.4.10
Communication
9
Surveillance and Risk Assessments
9.1
Disease Surveillance
9.1.1
Reporting systems in Singapore
9.1.2
Surveillance systems in Singapore
9.1.3
Dengue surveillance in Singapore
9.2
Case Surveillance
9.2.1
Diagnosing dengue fever
9.2.2
Effects of COVID-19 on dengue cases in Singapore
9.3
Entomological Surveillance
9.3.1
Effects of gravitrap deployment
9.4
Virus Surveillance
9.5
Seroprevalence
9.6
Integration of Surveillance Data
9.7
Japanese Encephalitis
9.8
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
9.8.1
Surveillance and risk assessments
9.8.2
Wastewater for COVID-19 surveillance
9.8.3
Confirmatory tests for positive COVID-19 results
9.8.4
Wide area surveillance in wastewater treatment plants
10
Antimicrobial Resistance
10.1
Antimicrobial Resistance
10.1.1
Key antimicrobial resistance events
10.1.2
Strategies in acquiring antimicrobial resistance
10.2
A One-Health Perspective on Antimicrobial Resistance
10.2.1
Drivers of antimicrobial resistance
10.2.2
What about in Singapore?
10.2.3
Key data models
10.3
Strategies for Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
10.3.1
Action plan
10.3.2
Two key global strategies for tacking antimicrobial resistance
11
Integrated Food Safety Systems
11.1
Integration and Integrated Food Safety Systems
11.1.1
Integrated food safety systems
11.1.2
Risk managements
11.1.3
Risk communication
11.2
Food Defense and Security
11.2.1
Food safety education
12
Biotechnology for One Health
12.1
Technology Highlights
12.1.1
Highlight 1: mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
12.1.2
Highlight 2: CRISPR-Cas9
12.1.3
Highlight 3: gene drive
12.1.4
Highlight 4: GM plants and animals
12.2
Overview of Crop Biotechnology in 2019
12.2.1
What about in the One Health context?
12.2.2
Case study 1: plant-derived GCD for Gaucher’s disease
12.2.3
Case study 2: plant-based vaccines for cholera and malaria
12.3
Genetically Modified Animals
12.3.1
In the One Health context…
12.3.2
Xenotransplantation
12.3.3
Case study 1: kidney xenotransplants with “10-GE pigs”
12.3.4
Case study 2: gene drives to reduce female mosquitoes’ fertility rates
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BS0005: One Health
Topic 8
Public Health Epidemiology, Outbreak Investigation, and Management
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