Capítulo 16 Dados em Painel com efeitos nao observados

Modelo geral: \(y_{it} = X_{it}\beta + c_i + u_{it}\)

Exemplo de modelo com \(n = 3\) e \(T = 2\).

set.seed(1)
n = 3
T = 2

id = seq(1:n)
period = matrix(seq(1:T),ncol = 1)

UM = matrix(rep(1,n), ncol = 1)
period = kronecker(period,UM)

J = matrix(rep(1,T), ncol = 1)  # vetor de 1's
c = rnorm(n,5) # efeito individual

x11 = matrix(rnorm(n,10,10) , ncol = 1)
x12 = rnorm(n)

x21 = matrix(rnorm(n,5,15) + 0.7*c, ncol = 1)
x22 = 1.5*c + rnorm(n)

X1 = cbind(x11,x21)
X2 = cbind(x12,x22)
X = rbind(X1,X2)


u1 = matrix(rnorm(n,0,3),ncol=1)
u2 = matrix(rnorm(n,0,2),ncol = 1)
u = rbind(u1,u2)

beta = c(5,-3)

y1 =  X1%*%beta + 10*c + u1
y2 =  X2%*%beta + 12*c + u2
y = rbind(y1,y2)
modelo = cbind(id,period,X,kronecker(J,c),u)
modelo= modelo[order(modelo[,1],modelo[,2],decreasing=FALSE),]
colnames(modelo) = c("id","período","X1","X2","c","u")
head(modelo)
##      id período         X1        X2        c           u
## [1,]  1       1 25.9528080  3.480657 4.373546 -0.13480083
## [2,]  1       2  0.4874291  5.939079 4.373546  1.64244239
## [3,]  2       1 13.2950777 31.305268 5.183643 -0.04857079
## [4,]  2       2  0.7383247  5.560765 5.183643  1.18780264
## [5,]  3       1  1.7953162 13.762709 4.164371  2.83150863
## [6,]  3       2  0.5757814  7.371488 4.164371  1.83795474

16.0.1 Efeitos Fixos

Transformmação within

## 1 individuo e 2 períodos de tempo
um = matrix(rep(1,2),ncol = 1) ## t = 2
um
##      [,1]
## [1,]    1
## [2,]    1
solve(t(um)%*%um)%*%t(um)
##      [,1] [,2]
## [1,]  0.5  0.5
y = matrix(c(3,6),ncol = 1) ## t = 2,
y
##      [,1]
## [1,]    3
## [2,]    6
solve(t(um)%*%um)%*%t(um)%*%y
##      [,1]
## [1,]  4.5
M = diag(2) - um%*%solve(t(um)%*%um)%*%t(um)
M
##      [,1] [,2]
## [1,]  0.5 -0.5
## [2,] -0.5  0.5
M%*%y
##      [,1]
## [1,] -1.5
## [2,]  1.5
library(simex)
## Warning: package 'simex' was built under R version 4.1.3
## 2 individuo e 2 períodos de tempo
N = 2
T = 2

um = matrix(rep(1,N),ncol = 1) ## t = 2
um
##      [,1]
## [1,]    1
## [2,]    1
D = diag.block(um,T)
D
##      [,1] [,2]
## [1,]    1    0
## [2,]    1    0
## [3,]    0    1
## [4,]    0    1
solve(t(D)%*%D)%*%t(D)
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,]  0.5  0.5  0.0  0.0
## [2,]  0.0  0.0  0.5  0.5
y = matrix(c(3,6,8,12),ncol = 1) ## t = 2,
y
##      [,1]
## [1,]    3
## [2,]    6
## [3,]    8
## [4,]   12
solve(t(D)%*%D)%*%t(D)%*%y
##      [,1]
## [1,]  4.5
## [2,] 10.0
M = diag(N*T) - D%*%solve(t(D)%*%D)%*%t(D)
M
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,]  0.5 -0.5  0.0  0.0
## [2,] -0.5  0.5  0.0  0.0
## [3,]  0.0  0.0  0.5 -0.5
## [4,]  0.0  0.0 -0.5  0.5
M%*%y
##      [,1]
## [1,] -1.5
## [2,]  1.5
## [3,] -2.0
## [4,]  2.0
## 2 individuo e 3 períodos de tempo
N = 2
T = 3

um = matrix(rep(1,N),ncol = 1) ## t = 2
um
##      [,1]
## [1,]    1
## [2,]    1
D = diag.block(um,T)
D
##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,]    1    0    0
## [2,]    1    0    0
## [3,]    0    1    0
## [4,]    0    1    0
## [5,]    0    0    1
## [6,]    0    0    1
solve(t(D)%*%D)%*%t(D)
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
## [1,]  0.5  0.5  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
## [2,]  0.0  0.0  0.5  0.5  0.0  0.0
## [3,]  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.5  0.5
y = matrix(c(3,6,8,12,4,4),ncol = 1) ## t = 2,
y
##      [,1]
## [1,]    3
## [2,]    6
## [3,]    8
## [4,]   12
## [5,]    4
## [6,]    4
solve(t(D)%*%D)%*%t(D)%*%y
##      [,1]
## [1,]  4.5
## [2,] 10.0
## [3,]  4.0
M = diag(N*T) - D%*%solve(t(D)%*%D)%*%t(D)
M
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
## [1,]  0.5 -0.5  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
## [2,] -0.5  0.5  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0
## [3,]  0.0  0.0  0.5 -0.5  0.0  0.0
## [4,]  0.0  0.0 -0.5  0.5  0.0  0.0
## [5,]  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.5 -0.5
## [6,]  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 -0.5  0.5
M%*%y
##      [,1]
## [1,] -1.5
## [2,]  1.5
## [3,] -2.0
## [4,]  2.0
## [5,]  0.0
## [6,]  0.0

Estimação por Efeitos Fixos

set.seed(1)
n = 500
T = 2

id = seq(1:n)
period = matrix(seq(1:T),ncol = 1)

I = matrix(rep(1,n), ncol = 1)
period = kronecker(period,I)
c = rnorm(n,5,7)

u1 = matrix(rnorm(n,0,8),ncol=1)
u2 = matrix(rnorm(n,0,10),ncol = 1)
u = rbind(u1,u2)

J = matrix(rep(1,T), ncol = 1)


x11 = rnorm(n,10,10)
x12 = rnorm(n)

x21 = rnorm(n,5,15) + 0.7*c
x22 = 1.5*c + rnorm(n)

beta = c(10,5,-3)

X1 = cbind(1,x11,x21)
X2 = cbind(1,x12,x22)

y1 =  X1%*%beta + 10*c + u1
y2 =  X2%*%beta + 12*c + u2

X = rbind(X1,X2)
modelo = cbind(id,period,X,kronecker(J,c),u)
modelo= modelo[order(modelo[,1],modelo[,2],decreasing=FALSE),]
head(modelo)
##      id            x11          x21                     
## [1,]  1 1 1 18.5004347 -21.65187701  0.6148233  0.618425
## [2,]  1 2 1 -0.8861496   1.66134991  0.6148233 11.349651
## [3,]  2 1 1  0.7468700  -0.77075794  6.2855033 -2.374949
## [4,]  2 2 1 -1.9222549   9.81486363  6.2855033 11.119318
## [5,]  3 1 1 18.9358121  -2.69495097 -0.8494003 -9.465938
## [6,]  3 2 1  1.6197007   0.02229674 -0.8494003 -8.707776
X = modelo[,c(3,4,5)]
y = X%*%beta + kronecker(c,J) + u
pols = solve(t(X)%*%X)%*%t(X)%*%y
pols
##          [,1]
##     12.410487
## x11  5.064769
## x21 -2.733347
X = modelo[,c(4,5)]
I = diag(n*T)
D = diag.block(J,n)
M = I -   (D%*%solve(t(D)%*%D)%*%t(D))           

x_til = M%*%X
y_til = M%*%y         
fe = solve(t(x_til)%*%x_til)%*%t(x_til)%*%y_til
fe
##          [,1]
## x11  5.027163
## x21 -2.981721
e_hat = y_til - x_til%*%fe

sigma_hat = (1/(n*(T-1)-2)) * t(e_hat)%*%e_hat   # n-k correção de viés
#sigma_hat

V = sigma_hat[1,1] * solve(t(x_til)%*%x_til)
#V
ep = sqrt(diag(V))
ep
##        x11        x21 
## 0.03914274 0.03388399

Simulações

fe = function(n){
  n = 100
  id = seq(1:n)
  T = 2
  period = matrix(seq(1:T),ncol = 1)
  
  I = matrix(rep(1,n), ncol = 1)
  period = kronecker(period,I)
  c = rnorm(n,10,10)
  u1 = matrix(rnorm(n,0,8),ncol=1)
  u2 = matrix(rnorm(n,0,9),ncol = 1)
  u = rbind(u1,u2)
  J = matrix(rep(1,T), ncol = 1)

  x11 = matrix(rnorm(n,10,10) , ncol = 1)
  x12 = rnorm(n)
  
  x21 = matrix(rnorm(n,5,15) + 0.7*c, ncol = 1)
  x22 = 1.5*c + rnorm(n)
  beta = c(10,5,-3)
  
  X1 = cbind(1,x11,x21)
  X2 = cbind(1,x12,x22)
   X = rbind(X1,X2)
 

  modelo = cbind(id,X,kronecker(J,c),u,period)
  modelo= modelo[order(modelo[,1],modelo[,7],decreasing=FALSE),]
  #head(modelo)
  
  X = modelo[,c(2,3,4)]
  y = X%*%beta + kronecker(c,J) + u

  bpols = solve(t(X)%*%X)%*%t(X)%*%y
  bpols  
  
  X = modelo[,c(3,4)]
  I = diag(n*T)
  D = diag.block(J,n)
  M = I -   (D%*%solve(t(D)%*%D)%*%t(D))           
  
  x_til = M%*%X
  y_til = M%*%y
  bfe = solve(t(x_til)%*%x_til)%*%t(x_til)%*%y_til
  bfe
  
  
  return(c(bpols,bfe))
}
z = replicate(1000, expr = fe(100))
par(mfrow = c(2, 2))

plot(density(z[2, ]), xlim = c(4,6), main = "Beta1 POLS")
abline(v = 5)

plot(density(z[3, ]), xlim = c(-4,-2), main = "Beta2 POLS")
abline(v = -3)


plot(density(z[4, ]), xlim = c(4,6), main = "Beta1 FE")
abline(v = 5)

plot(density(z[5, ]), xlim = c(-4,-2), main = "Beta2 FE")
abline(v = -3)

16.1 Efeitos Aleatórios

set.seed(1)
n = 500
id = seq(1:n)
T = 2
period = matrix(seq(1:T),ncol = 1)

I = matrix(rep(1,n), ncol = 1)
period = kronecker(period,I)


sigmac=10
c = rnorm(n,0,sigmac)

sigmau = 5
u1 = matrix(rnorm(n,0,sigmau),ncol=1)
u2 = matrix(rnorm(n,0,sigmau),ncol = 1)
u = rbind(u1,u2)

J = matrix(rep(1,T), ncol = 1)
It = diag(T)
omega = sigmau^2*It + sigmac^2*(J%*%t(J))
omega
##      [,1] [,2]
## [1,]  125  100
## [2,]  100  125
v = kronecker(J,c)  + u
x11 = matrix(rnorm(n,10,10) , ncol = 1)
x12 = 0.8*x11 + rnorm(n)

x21 = matrix(rnorm(n,5,15), ncol = 1)
x22 = 0.5*x21 + rnorm(n)

beta = c(10,5,-3)

X1 = cbind(1,x11,x21)
X2 = cbind(1,x12,x22)

y1 =  X1%*%beta + c + u1
y2 =  X2%*%beta + c + u2

X = rbind(X1,X2)

y = X%*%beta + kronecker(J,c) + u
modelo = cbind(y,X,id,kronecker(J,c),v,u,period)
modelo= modelo[order(modelo[,5],modelo[,9],decreasing=FALSE),]
head(modelo)
##                                        id                                   
## [1,] 162.87091 1 18.500435 -22.0822533  1 -6.264538  -5.8780225  0.3865156 1
## [2,] 109.88731 1 13.914198 -10.3020117  1 -6.264538  -0.5897127  5.6748254 2
## [3,]  29.59827 1  0.746870  -5.1706102  2  1.836433   0.3520900 -1.4843432 1
## [4,]  17.36839 1 -1.324759  -2.1986964  2  1.836433   7.3960925  5.5596592 2
## [5,]  96.70768 1 18.935812  -2.1003708  3 -8.356286 -14.2724973 -5.9162112 1
## [6,]  80.39294 1 16.768350   0.2462118  3 -8.356286 -12.7101743 -4.3538882 2
bpols = solve(t(X)%*%X)%*%t(X)%*%y
bpols
##           [,1]
## [1,]  9.583563
## [2,]  5.069931
## [3,] -3.022429
e_hat1 = y1 - X1%*%bpols
e_hat2 = y2 - X2%*%bpols
e_hat = cbind(e_hat1,e_hat2)
sigma = t(e_hat)%*%e_hat
sigma/n
##           [,1]      [,2]
## [1,] 125.05625  95.94474
## [2,]  95.94474 124.32150
I = diag(n)
S = kronecker(solve(sigma),I)
Bre = solve(t(X)%*%S%*%X)%*%t(X)%*%S%*%y
Bre
##           [,1]
## [1,]  9.598763
## [2,]  5.065440
## [3,] -3.015998
V_h = solve(t(X)%*%(S)%*%X)
V_h = (1/n) * V_h
ep_h = sqrt(diag(V_h))
ep_h
## [1] 0.61683692 0.04478039 0.02921716

Simulações

re = function(n){
  id = seq(1:n)
  T = 2
  period = matrix(seq(1:T),ncol = 1)
  I = matrix(rep(1,n), ncol = 1)
  period = kronecker(period,I)
  sigmac=10
  c = rnorm(n,0,sigmac)
  sigmau = 5
  u1 = matrix(rnorm(n,0,sigmau),ncol=1)
  u2 = matrix(rnorm(n,0,sigmau),ncol = 1)
  u = rbind(u1,u2)
  J = matrix(rep(1,T), ncol = 1)
  x11 = matrix(rnorm(n,10,10) , ncol = 1)
  x12 = 0.8*x11 + rnorm(n)
  x21 = matrix(rnorm(n,5,15), ncol = 1)
  x22 = 0.5*x21 + rnorm(n)
  beta = c(10,5,-3)
  X1 = cbind(1,x11,x21)
  X2 = cbind(1,x12,x22)
  y1 =  X1%*%beta + c + u1
  y2 =  X2%*%beta + c + u2
  X = rbind(X1,X2)
  y = X%*%beta + kronecker(J,c) + u
  bpols = solve(t(X)%*%X)%*%t(X)%*%y
  bpols
  e_hat1 = y1 - X1%*%bpols
  e_hat2 = y2 - X2%*%bpols
  e_hat = cbind(e_hat1,e_hat2)
  sigma = t(e_hat)%*%e_hat
  I = diag(n)
  S = kronecker(solve(sigma),I)
  Bre = solve(t(X)%*%S%*%X)%*%t(X)%*%S%*%y
  Bre
  return(c(bpols,Bre))
}
z = replicate(1000, expr = re(100))
par(mfrow = c(2, 2))

plot(density(z[2, ]), xlim = c(4,6))
abline(v = 5)

plot(density(z[3, ]), xlim = c(-4,-2))
abline(v = -3)


plot(density(z[5, ]), xlim = c(4,6))
abline(v = 5)

plot(density(z[6, ]), xlim = c(-4,-2))
abline(v = -3)