Advances in Necessary Condition Analysis
Jan Dul
First published October 10, 2021
Version 0.1 (First published October 10, 2021)
Version 1.0 (First published March 20, 2022)
Version 1.1 (First published August 2, 2022)
Version 1.2 (First published October 28, 2022)
Version 1.3 (First published January 4, 2023)
Version 1.4 (First published March 1, 2023)
Version 1.5 (First published August 2, 2023)
Version 1.6 (First published January 3, 2024
Version 1.7 (First published January 9, 2025; Last update: June 30, 2025)
Suggested reference: Dul, J. (2021). Advances in Necessary Condition Analysis. https://bookdown.org/ncabook/advanced_nca2/.
Welcome
This book addresses a variety of advanced topics in Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) to support users, readers and reviewers of the method. The book supplements existing methodological publications that describe NCA at the basic level (Dul, 2016b, 2020; Dul, Van der Laan, et al., 2020) or summarize the method for different substantive fields including Human Resource Management (Hauff et al., 2021), Marketing (Dul, Hauff, et al., 2021), Tourism Management (Tóth et al., 2019), Education (Tynan et al., 2020), Creativity (Dul, Karwowski, et al., 2020), Supply Chain Management (Bokrantz & Dul, 2023), Entrepreneurship (Linder et al., 2023), Public Health (Greco et al., 2022), and International Business (Richter & Hauff, 2022).
NCA is an emerging research method that is rapidly entering a variety of research fields in the social, medical and technical sciences. The publication in 2016 of NCA’s core paper (Dul, 2016b) marks the start of NCA. Bergh et al. (2022) consider this article as a ‘gold standard’ of a methodological contribution. Several editorial comments (e.g., Dul, 2025; Fainshmidt et al., 2020; Hernaus & Černe, 2022; Robinson et al., 2022; Sarstedt & Liu, 2023) and review articles (e.g., Aguinis et al., 2020; Boon et al., 2019; Dabić et al., 2021; Frazier et al., 2017; Rozenkowska, 2023) suggest to use NCA in future research.
Since the start of NCA, the number of publications in Web of Science (WOS, Clarivate) ranked journals that apply NCA has increased rapidly. A total of 354 English language articles have appeared until the end of 2024 (see Figure 0.1). Articles with problematic applications of NCA (see Dul, 2022) and articles in predatory journals were excluded from the list. ‘Q’ stands for the journal quality in terms of category journal rank by impact factor. Q1 = first quartile, etc. Q? indicates that no quality rank is available. NCA articles appear in a broad variety of WOS journal categories. Currently 50 from 254 categories are served by at least one NCA article. Most articles appear in the Q1 quartile of the journal’s category (where journals are ranked based on the journal impact factor).
Figure 0.1: Cumulative number of publications in Web of Science (Clarivate) ranked journals that apply NCA. (Situation of 31 December 2024).
An NCA article has a 60 percent higher chance to be published in a Q1 category than other articles (corrected for the fact that a Q1 category has more articles than other categories).
Table 0.1 shows details about the NCA articles. Being listed does not automatically imply that NCA was always properly described and applied in all its aspects (see section 1.8 for basic guidelines). About 10% of the articles use NCA as the sole or primary research method. About one-third of the articles combine NCA with Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). About half of the articles are multi-method articles that apply NCA in combination with regression-based methods like Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), variance-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and in particular with Partial-Least-Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The rest of the applications combine NCA with a variety of other methods. In Section 4.6 special attention is paid how to combine NCA with (PLS-)SEM.
| Year | Author(s) | Reference | Journal | Journal quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Bhatt, Pandey, Patel, Ghodake, Jariwala & Thomas | Bhatt et al. (2025) | Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing | Q3 |
| 2025 | Charles & Kanani | Charles & Kanani (2025) | Cogent Business & Management | Q2 |
| 2025 | Fakfare, Manosuthi, Lee, Han & Jin | Fakfare et al. (2025) | International Journal of Hospitality Management | Q1 |
| 2025 | He, Chen & Gu | Z. He et al. (2025) | Cities | Q1 |
| 2025 | Milovan, Dobre & Moisescu | Milovan et al. (2025) | Journal of Business Research | Q1 |
| 2025 | Ouazzani, Calderón-García & Tubillejas-Andrés | Ouazzani et al. (2025) | Empirical Studies of the Arts | Q3 |
| 2025 | Rafi, Roy, Rehman & Hasni | Rafi et al. (2025) | Decision Support Systems | Q1 |
| 2025 | Romero-Charneco, Casado-Molina, Alarcón-Urbistondo & Cabrera Sánchez | Romero-Charneco et al. (2025) | Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology | Q2 |
| 2025 | Sathatip, Senachai, Leruksa & Fakfare | Sathatip et al. (2025) | Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education | Q1 |
| 2025 | Singh Yadav & Kumar Kar | Singh Yadav & Kumar Kar (2025) | Journal of Cleaner Production | Q1 |
| 2025 | Troiville, Moisescu & Radomir | Troiville et al. (2025) | Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services | Q1 |
| 2025 | Wan, Ke & Liang | Wan et al. (2025) | Forest Policy and Economics | Q1 |
| 2025 | Wang & Zhao | Z. Wang & Zhao (2025) | Managerial and Decision Economics | Q3 |
| 2025 | Yu, Wang, Jiang & Lu | Y. Yu et al. (2025) | Resources Policy | No ranking |
| 2025 | Zhang | Zhang (2025) | Tourism Management | Q1 |
| 2025 | Zheng, Lin, Yan & Guo | Y. Zheng et al. (2025) | International Review of Economics & Finance | Q1 |
| 2025 | Zhou, Xing, Xu, Tian, Niu & Lin | X. Zhou et al. (2025) | Journal of Environmental Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Acquah | Acquah (2024) | Heliyon | Q1 |
| 2024 | Agmapisarn, Seetha & Fakfare | Agmapisarn et al. (2024) | Sustainable Development | Q1 |
| 2024 | Ahsan, Gyensare, Adomako & Zheng | Ahsan et al. (2024) | International Small Business Journal | Q2 |
| 2024 | Aldhamiri, Carlson, Vilches-Montero, Rahman & Gudergan | Aldhamiri et al. (2024) | Journal of retailing and Consumer Services | Q1 |
| 2024 | Aw, Thomas, Patel, Bhatt & Cham | Aw et al. (2024) | International Journal of Bank Marketing | Q1 |
| 2024 | Baah, Saleem, Greenland, Tenakwah & Chakrabarty | Baah et al. (2024) | Journal of Environmental Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Baber, Fanea-Ivanovici, Pana & Manole | Baber et al. (2024) | Online information review | Q1 |
| 2024 | Bachmann, Rose, Maul & Hölzle | Bachmann et al. (2024) | Journal of Business Research | Q1 |
| 2024 | Bakır & Itani | Bakır & Itani (2024) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Blom, Voorn & Borst | Blom et al. (2024) | Public Management Review | Q1 |
| 2024 | Brazo, Velicia-Martín, Palos-Sanchez & Roldán | Brazo et al. (2024) | European Business Review | Q2 |
| 2024 | Calispa-Aguilar | Calispa-Aguilar (2024) | Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review | Q1 |
| 2024 | Cassia & Magno | Cassia & Magno (2024) | Journal of Business Research | Q1 |
| 2024 | Cezar | Cezar (2024a) | Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce | Q3 |
| 2024 | Cezar | Cezar (2024b) | Telematics and Informatics | Q1 |
| 2024 | Chaparro‐Banegas, Sánchez‐Garcia, Calafat‐Marzal & Roig‐Tierno | Chaparro-Banegas et al. (2024) | Business Strategy and the Environment | Q1 |
| 2024 | Chen & Chen | Chen & Chen (2024) | Journal of Innovation & Knowledge | Q1 |
| 2024 | Choksi & Bhatt | Choksi & Bhatt (2024) | International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction | Q1 |
| 2024 | Chong, Lim, Cheah & Tee | Chong et al. (2024) | Current Issues in Tourism | Q1 |
| 2024 | Ciacci, Balzano & Marzi | Ciacci et al. (2024) | Journal of Management and Organization | Q2 |
| 2024 | Corchuelo Martínez-Azúa, Dias & Sama-Berrocal | Corchuelo Martínez-Azúa et al. (2024) | International Journal of Innovation Science | Q2 |
| 2024 | Damberg, Liu & Ringle | Damberg et al. (2024) | Journal of Marketing Analytics | Q2 |
| 2024 | Das, Kondasani, Deb & Batabyal | Das et al. (2024) | Tourism and Hospitality Research | Q2 |
| 2024 | Dávila, Andreeva & Sætre | Dávila et al. (2024) | European Management Review | Q2 |
| 2024 | De Andrés-Sánchez & Gené-Albesa | De Andrés-Sánchez & Gené-Albesa (2024) | Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce | Q3 |
| 2024 | De Andrés-Sánchez, Arias-Oliva, Souto-Romero & Gené-Albesa | De Andrés-Sánchez et al. (2024) | Computers | Q2 |
| 2024 | Dechaume, Mercier, Feybesse, Lubart, Chouvelon, Kermarrec & Tordjman | Dechaume et al. (2024) | Learning and Individual Differences | Q1 |
| 2024 | Dinh, Mühlbacher & Torchia | Dinh et al. (2024) | Journal of Brand Management | Q2 |
| 2024 | Do Prado & De Moraes | Do Prado & De Moraes (2024) | Journal of Technology Transfer | Q1 |
| 2024 | Do, Tho & Le | Do et al. (2024) | International Journal of Emerging Markets | Q1 |
| 2024 | Dong, Jiang, Dai & Chi | Dong et al. (2024) | Grey Systems: Theory and Application | Q1 |
| 2024 | Dos Santos Leite Gonella, Filho, Ganga & Lizarelli | Dos Santos Leite Gonella et al. (2024) | Business Strategy and the Environment | Q1 |
| 2024 | Dou, Hou, Yan, Jin & Li | Dou et al. (2024) | Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Dutta, Thomas, Shiva, Papa & Cuomo | Dutta et al. (2024) | Journal of Knowledge Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Eccarius & Chen | Eccarius & Chen (2024) | Technological Forecasting and Social Change | Q1 |
| 2024 | Escadas, Jalali, Septianto & Farhangmehr | Escadas et al. (2024) | Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility | Q2 |
| 2024 | Fakfare, Manosuthi, Lee, Han, Jarumaneerat & Kim | Fakfare, Manosuthi, Lee, Han, et al. (2024) | Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research | Q1 |
| 2024 | Fakfare, Manosuthi, Lee, Jin, Han & Kim | Fakfare, Manosuthi, Lee, Jin, et al. (2024) | Journal of Vacation Marketing | Q1 |
| 2024 | Fakfare, Manosuthi, Lee, Lee & Han | Fakfare, Manosuthi, Lee, Lee, et al. (2024) | Journal of Hospitality & Tourism research | Q1 |
| 2024 | Foroughi, Huy, Iranmanesh, Ghobakhloo, Rejeb & Nikbin | Foroughi et al. (2024) | The Service Industries Journal | Q1 |
| 2024 | Gabay-Mariani, Bastian, Caputo & Pappas | Gabay-Mariani et al. (2024) | International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research | Q1 |
| 2024 | Gao, Luo, Wang, Zhang & Deng | Gao et al. (2024) | Journal of Construction Engineering and Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Gavín-Chocano, García-Martínez & De La Rosa | Gavín-Chocano et al. (2024) | Current Psychology | Q2 |
| 2024 | Gollagari, Birega & Mishra | Gollagari et al. (2024) | African Journal of Economic and Management Studies | Q3 |
| 2024 | Gomes, Tontini & Picolo | Gomes et al. (2023) | International Journal of Operations & Production Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Gong, Wang & Li | Gong et al. (2024) | PloS one | Q1 |
| 2024 | Gordon, Balta-Ozkan, Haq & Nabavi | Gordon et al. (2024) | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy | Q1 |
| 2024 | Gui, Dai & Zong | Gui et al. (2024) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Gutiérrez-Broncano, Rubio-Andrés, Linuesa Langreo & Sastre-Castillo | Gutiérrez-Broncano et al. (2024) | Journal of International Marketing | Q1 |
| 2024 | Gyensare, Miri, Zahoor & Alajaty | Gyensare et al. (2024) | Journal of Islamic Marketing | Q2 |
| 2024 | Han, Kim, Baah, Quan, Al-Ansi & Chi | H. Han et al. (2024) | Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights | Q1 |
| 2024 | Hermans, Borda, Newburry, Cordova Chea, Finchelstein, Gonzalez-Perez, Montoya-Bayardo, Velasco & Velez-Ocampo | Hermans et al. (2024) | European Business Review | Q2 |
| 2024 | Hernaus, Dragičević & Hauff | Hernaus et al. (2024) | International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research | Q1 |
| 2024 | Hu, Cang, Jie, Wang & Weng | Hu et al. (2024) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Huang, Shuaib, Rahman, Rahman & Hossain | Huang, Shuaib, et al. (2024) | Natural Resources Forum | Q2 |
| 2024 | Huang, Zhang, Xu & Bu | Huang, Zhang, et al. (2024) | The International Journal of Management Education | Q1 |
| 2024 | Huangfu, Li, Xu & Pan | Huangfu et al. (2024) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Hui, Al Mamun, Masukujjaman, Makhbul & Ali | Hui et al. (2024) | Heliyon | Q1 |
| 2024 | Ibrahimi, Berisha, Krasniqi & Ramosaj | Ibrahimi et al. (2024) | Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance | Q3 |
| 2024 | Inacio Junior, Dionisio & Gimenez | Inacio Junior et al. (2024) | Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies | Q2 |
| 2024 | Indihar Štemberger, Bosilj Vuksic, Morelli & Jaklič | Indihar Štemberger et al. (2024) | Business Process Management Journal | Q1 |
| 2024 | Indihar Štemberger, Bosilj Vuksic, Morelli & Jaklič | Indihar Štemberger et al. (2024) | Future Business Journal | Q2 |
| 2024 | Jain, Chakraborty & Choudhary | Jain et al. (2024) | Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing | Q2 |
| 2024 | Jiang & Wang | J. Jiang & Wang (2024) | Current Issues in Tourism | Q1 |
| 2024 | Jie, Hu, Zhu & Weng | Jie et al. (2024) | Land | Q2 |
| 2024 | Kakkar, Ghulyani, Kuril & Chaudhuri | Kakkar et al. (2024) | International Journal of Educational Management | Q3 |
| 2024 | Kayser & Gradtke | Kayser & Gradtke (2024) | Journal of Decision Systems | Q2 |
| 2024 | Kazemzadeh, Fuinhas, Salehnia, Silva & Radulescu | Kazemzadeh et al. (2024) | Energy | Q1 |
| 2024 | Kellberg, Keller, Nordine, Moser & Lewalter | Kellberg et al. (2024) | International Journal of Science Education Part B-Communication and Public Engagement | Q2 |
| 2024 | Khan, Ali, Xiaobao & Zhiying | Khan et al. (2024) | IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Lai, Zhang & Su | Lai et al. (2024) | Environment, Development and Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Lévy-Garboua, Gazel, Berlin, Dul & Lubart | Lévy-Garboua et al. (2024) | Learning and Individual Differences | Q1 |
| 2024 | Li, Du, Sun & Xie | J. Li et al. (2024) | Chinese Management Studies | Q3 |
| 2024 | Li, Fan, Kumar & Ananthram | Y. Li et al. (2024) | Journal of Management Studies | Q1 |
| 2024 | Li, Gong, Fu & Liang | Li, Gong, et al. (2024) | Systems | Q1 |
| 2024 | Li, Niu, Liu & Wu | R. Li et al. (2024) | Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Li, Sampene, Khan & Wiredu | Li, Sampene, et al. (2024) | Operations Management Research | Q1 |
| 2024 | Li, Wang & Wang | Li, Wang, et al. (2024) | Energy & Environment | Q2 |
| 2024 | Lim, Munikrishnan, Leong, Hiew, Leong & Yang | W. Lim et al. (2024) | Information and Computer Security | Q3 |
| 2024 | Lin, Yao & Yu | Lin et al. (2024) | Journal of Urban Planning and Development | Q3 |
| 2024 | Liu & Meng | Liu & Meng (2024) | Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Liu, Peng, Wang & Chen | Y. L. Liu et al. (2024) | Heliyon | Q1 |
| 2024 | Liying & Mengying | Liying & Mengying (2024) | Sage Open | Q1 |
| 2024 | Lu, Yang & Yu | Q. Lu et al. (2024) | International Journal of Emerging Markets | Q1 |
| 2024 | Ma & Bennett | Ma & Bennett (2024) | Journal of Higher Education | Q1 |
| 2024 | Magno & Cassia | Magno & Cassia (2024) | Journal of retailing and Consumer Services | Q1 |
| 2024 | Mansoor, Rahman & Bowden | Mansoor et al. (2024) | Journal of Consumer Behaviour | Q2 |
| 2024 | Marchetti, Koster & Hankin | Marchetti et al. (2024) | Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | Q1 |
| 2024 | Matas-Terrón, Sánchez Barroso & Matas-Terrón | Matas-Terrón et al. (2024) | Frontiers in Public Health | Q2 |
| 2024 | Medina-Molina & Rey-Moreno | Medina-Molina et al. (2022) | Cuadernos de Gestión / Management Letters | Q3 |
| 2024 | Medina-Molina, Pérez-Macías & Rey-Tienda | Medina-Molina et al. (2024) | International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing | Q3 |
| 2024 | Meng, Cheng & Xuan | Meng et al. (2024) | Frontiers in Environmental Science | Q2 |
| 2024 | Min, Zhu & Peng | Min et al. (2024) | Heliyon | Q1 |
| 2024 | Muhlbacher, Einarsdóttir & Castello | Muhlbacher et al. (2024) | Industrial Marketing Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Novales, Mocker, Van Heck & Dul | Novales et al. (2025) | Decision Support Systems | Q1 |
| 2024 | Ofori | Ofori (2024) | Heliyon | Q1 |
| 2024 | Oliveira & Gomes | Oliveira & Gomes (2024) | Business Strategy and the Environment | Q1 |
| 2024 | Oppong & Bannor | Oppong & Bannor (2024) | Journal of Food Products Marketing | Q2 |
| 2024 | Osakwe, Říha, Elgammal & Ramayah | Osakwe et al. (2024) | International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | P. & Mekonnen | P. & Mekonnen (2024) | International Journal of Ethics and Systems | Q2 |
| 2024 | Pandey, Thomas, Bhatt, Patel & Malkar | Pandey et al. (2024) | Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice | Q2 |
| 2024 | Pinochet, Souza, Viana & Rodríguez-Abitia | Pinochet et al. (2024) | REGE-Revista de Gestao | Q3 |
| 2024 | Quaicoe, Acquah & Gatsi | Quaicoe et al. (2024) | Journal of Cleaner Production | Q1 |
| 2024 | Rahimi & Sevilla-Pavón | Rahimi & Sevilla-Pavón (2024) | Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence | No ranking |
| 2024 | Rey-Tienda, Rey-Moreno & Medina-Molina | Rey-Tienda et al. (2024) | Urban Science | Q2 |
| 2024 | Rico, Calvo-Mora, Medina-Molina & Alves | Rico et al. (2024) | Total Quality Management & Business Excellence | Q2 |
| 2024 | Riggs, Felipe, Roldán, & Real | Riggs et al. (2024) | Journal of Marketing Analytics | Q2 |
| 2024 | Rishi, Shiva & Israney | Rishi et al. (2024) | Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics | Q2 |
| 2024 | Rosli, Binti Mohamad, Johar, Hashim & Lim | Rosli et al. (2024) | Heliyon | Q1 |
| 2024 | Roxas | Roxas (2024) | Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies | Q1 |
| 2024 | Safdar, Moazzam, Ahmed, Khan, Manzoor & Raziq | Safdar et al. (2024) | Benchmarking: An International Journal | Q1 |
| 2024 | Sánchez-Medina, Pellejero, C-Sánchez & Cerviño-Cortínez | Sánchez-Medina et al. (2024) | Current Issues in Tourism | Q1 |
| 2024 | Sanyal, Jain & Choudhury | Sanyal et al. (n.d.) | International Social Science Journal | No ranking |
| 2024 | Sepe, Luongo, Di Gioia & Della Corte | Sepe et al. (2024) | European Journal of Innovation Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Shao, Jiang, Liou, Su, Yuan & Dan | Shao et al. (2024) | Managerial and Decision Economics | Q2 |
| 2024 | Sharma, Kar & Gupta | S. Sharma et al. (2024) | Government Information Quarterly | Q1 |
| 2024 | Shen, Li & Peng | Shen et al. (2024) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Similä & Mwesiumo | Similä & Mwesiumo (2024) | Journal of Cleaner Production | Q1 |
| 2024 | Su, Lai & Zhang | Z. Su et al. (2024) | Leisure studies | Q2 |
| 2024 | Subramanian, Jain & Bhattacharyya | Exploring the Direct Impact of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Factors on Organisational Innovation Output and Institutional Isomorphism (n.d.) | Benchmarking: An International Journal | Q1 |
| 2024 | Sun, Fu & Yang | H. Sun et al. (2023) | Science of the Total Environment | Q1 |
| 2024 | Sun, Ooi, Wei-Han Tan & Lee | K. Sun et al. (2024) | Supply Chain Management: An International Journal | Q1 |
| 2024 | Sun, Wang & Zhang | Y. Sun et al. (2022) | Journal of Environmental Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Suryavanshi, Thomas, Trivedi, Patel & Bhatt | Suryavanshi et al. (2024) | Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing | Q3 |
| 2024 | Talib, Papastathopoulo & Ahmad | Talib et al. (2024) | Digital Policy Regulation and Governance | Q2 |
| 2024 | Tan, Leong & Richter | K.-L. Tan et al. (2024) | International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction | Q1 |
| 2024 | Tao, Wang, He, Zhang & Liu | Tao et al. (2024) | Gender in Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Thien, Chuah & Low | Thien et al. (2024) | European Journal of Education | Q1 |
| 2024 | Tiwari, Kaurav & Koay | Tiwari et al. (2024) | Journal of Marketing Analytics | Q2 |
| 2024 | Tuesta-Tapia, Vázquez-Sánchez & Amador-Hidalgo | Tuesta-Tapia et al. (2024) | International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management | Q2 |
| 2024 | Ullibarriarana-Garate, Agirre-Aramburu, Miguel & Sánchez-Urien | Ullibarriarana-Garate et al. (2024) | Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development | Q4 |
| 2024 | Vargas-Zeledon & Lee | Vargas-Zeledon & Lee (2024) | Journal of Innovation & Knowledge | Q1 |
| 2024 | Vasist & Krishnan | Vasist & Krishnan (2024) | Information Systems Frontiers | Q1 |
| 2024 | Veiga, Ferreira, Zhang & Liu | Veiga et al. (2024) | Journal of Computer Information Systems | Q2 |
| 2024 | Wang & Cheng | D. Wang & Cheng (2024) | Scientific Reports | Q1 |
| 2024 | Wang & Wang | J. Wang & Wang (2024) | Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics | Q2 |
| 2024 | Wang, Rahman, Siddik, Wen & Sobhani | C. Wang et al. (2024) | Scientific Reports | Q1 |
| 2024 | Wang, Sun & Tiong | L. Wang et al. (2024) | International Journal of Managing Projects in Business | Q3 |
| 2024 | Wattanacharoensil, Fakfare, Manosuthi, Lee, Chi & Heesup | Wattanacharoensil, Fakfare, et al. (2024) | Tourism Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Wattanacharoensil, Stettler, Zimmermann & Wagenseil | Wattanacharoensil, Stettler, et al. (2024) | Tourism Recreation Research | Q1 |
| 2024 | Wei, Tang & Ma | W. Wei et al. (2024) | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems | Q2 |
| 2024 | Xiao, Chiu & Shen | Xiao et al. (2024) | Systems | Q1 |
| 2024 | Xu, Siddik, Sobhani & Rahman | Xu et al. (2024) | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications | Q1 |
| 2024 | Yadav, Parida, Choudhary & Kumar | Yadav et al. (2024) | Journal of Environmental Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Yan, Işık, Ongan, Pinzon & Tillaguango | J. Yan et al. (2024) | Sustainable Development | Q1 |
| 2024 | Yang, Lv, Xu & Chen | Yang et al. (2024) | Pacific-Basin Finance Journal | Q1 |
| 2024 | Ye, Ahmad, Burhanuddin, Na & Li | Ye et al. (2024) | Behavioral Sciences | Q2 |
| 2024 | Yiling, He, Wang, Deng & Zhang | Yiling et al. (2024) | Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Yu, Fan & Zhang | D. Yu et al. (2024) | PloS one | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zang & Guo | Zang & Guo (2024) | Journal of Chinese Governance | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhang | Zhang (2024b) | Journal of Sustainable Tourism | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhang | Zhang (2024c) | Current Issues in Tourism | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhang | Zhang (2024a) | Journal of Environmental Planning and Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhang | Zhang & Jia (2024) | Frontiers in Medicine | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhang | Zhang & Bai (2024) | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems | Q2 |
| 2024 | Zhang & Bai | Zhang & Bai (2024) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Zhang & Jia | Zhang & Jia (2024) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Zhang & Zhang | Zhang & Zhang (2024) | Economic Change and Restructuring | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhang & Zhou | K. Zhang & Zhou (2024) | Frontiers in Psychology | Q2 |
| 2024 | Zhang, Chen & Wu | Zhang, Liu, et al. (2024) | Journal of Environmental Planning and Management | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhang, Cheng, Fei & Khanal | M. Zhang et al. (2024) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Zhang, Li, Li & Lu | H. Zhang et al. (2024) | Internet Research | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhang, Liu & Zhao | Zhang, Liu, et al. (2024) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Zhang, Teirlinck, Su & Yu | Zhang, Liu, et al. (2024) | International Journal of Production Economics | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhang, Wu & Yin | Zhang, Wu, et al. (2024) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Zhang, Yang, Zhang, Sun & He | Zhang et al. (2024) | Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | Q4 |
| 2024 | Zhao, Furuoka, Rasiah & Shen | H. Zhao et al. (2024) | World Electric Vehicle Journal | Q2 |
| 2024 | Zhao, Ye & Cai | Y. Zhao et al. (2024) | Emerging Markets Finance and Trade | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhou & Li | Zhou & Li (2024) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2024 | Zhou, Chen, Jin & Yuan | Z. Zhou et al. (2024) | European Journal of Information Systems | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhou, Kumar & Furuoka | Zhou, Kumar, et al. (2024) | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zhou, Kuncel & Sackett | Zhou, Kuncel, et al. (2024) | Journal of Intelligence | Q1 |
| 2024 | Zielińska, Lebuda, Gop & Karwowski | Zielińska et al. (2024) | Contemporary Educational Psychology | Q1 |
| 2023 | Abner, Alam & Cho | Abner et al. (2023) | Public Administration Review | Q1 |
| 2023 | Acquah | Acquah (2023) | RAUSP Management Journal | Q3 |
| 2023 | Acquah, Issau, Dei Mensah & Vanderpuye | Acquah et al. (2023) | Heliyon | Q1 |
| 2023 | Allard-Poesi & Massu | Allard-Poesi & Massu (2023) | Landscape and Urban Planning | Q1 |
| 2023 | Anand, Arya, Suresh & Sharma | Anand et al. (2022) | Tourism Planning & Development | Q2 |
| 2023 | Battistoni, Gitto, Murgia & Campisi | Battistoni et al. (2023) | International Journal of Production Economics | Q1 |
| 2023 | Bhattacharyya, Balaji & Jiang | Bhattacharyya et al. (2023) | Journal of Business Research | Q1 |
| 2023 | Bokrantz & Skoogh | Bokrantz & Skoogh (2023) | International Journal of Production Economics | Q1 |
| 2023 | Bouncken, Fredrich & Kraus | Bouncken, Fredrich, et al. (2020) | Global Strategy Journal | Q1 |
| 2023 | Bouzari, Gyenge, Ebrahimi & Fekete-Farkas | Bouzari et al. (2023) | Computation | Q2 |
| 2023 | Bu, Li & Huang | Bu et al. (2023) | The International Journal of Management Education | Q1 |
| 2023 | Carmona, Stef, Ben Jabeur & Ben Zaied | Carmona et al. (2023) | Journal of Environmental Management | Q1 |
| 2023 | Cheng & Jiang | Cheng & Jiang (2023) | Management Decision | Q2 |
| 2023 | Chong, Lim, Cheah & Tee | Chong et al. (2024) | Journal of Computational Chemistry | Q2 |
| 2023 | Czakon, Klimas & Kawa | Czakon et al. (2023) | Industrial Marketing Management | Q1 |
| 2023 | Delladio, Caputo, Magrini & Pellegrini | Delladio et al. (2023) | Management Decision | Q2 |
| 2023 | Dionisio, Inacio Junior, Morini & Carvalho | Dionisio et al. (2023) | RAUSP Management Journal | Q3 |
| 2023 | Edelmann, Boen, Stouten, Vande Broek & Fransen | Edelmann et al. (2023) | Behavioral Sciences | Q2 |
| 2023 | Fan, Li & Wang | Fan et al. (2023) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2023 | Fang, Dong, Weng & Chen | Fang et al. (2022) | Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research | Q1 |
| 2023 | Gorgievski, Bakker, Petrou & Gawke | Gorgievski et al. (2023) | International Public Management Journal | Q2 |
| 2023 | Guo, Fu & Sun | Guo et al. (2023) | Scientific Reports | Q1 |
| 2023 | Harun, Hogset & Mwesiumo | Harun et al. (2023) | Sustainable Development | Q1 |
| 2023 | He & Ismail | L. He & Ismail (2023) | Humanities and Social Sciences Communications | Q1 |
| 2023 | Huang, Bu & Long | Huang & Bu (2023) | Journal of Innovation & Knowledge | Q1 |
| 2023 | Huang, Li & Li | Huang, Li, & Li (2023) | Technological Forecasting and Social Change | Q1 |
| 2023 | Huang, Li, Bu & Zhao | Huang, Li, Bu, et al. (2023) | Journal of Cleaner Production | Q1 |
| 2023 | Huang, Li, Chen & Wang | Huang, Li, Chen, et al. (2023) | Journal of Innovation & Knowledge | Q1 |
| 2023 | Jain, Chakraborty & Choudhary | Jain et al. (2024) | International Journal of Consumer Studies | Q1 |
| 2023 | Jiang & Huang | Y. Jiang & Huang (2023) | Womens Studies International Forum | Q2 |
| 2023 | Jin & Li | Jin & Li (2023) | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | No ranking |
| 2023 | Kaushik, Jain & Choudhary | Kaushik et al. (2023) | Case Studies on Transport Policy | Q3 |
| 2023 | Kazemzadeh, Fuinhas, Salehnia, Koengkan & Silva | Kazemzadeh et al. (2023) | Environmental Science and Pollution Research | No ranking |
| 2023 | Kopplin | C. Kopplin et al. (2023) | Australasian Journal of Information Systems | Q2 |
| 2023 | Kumar, Saha & Anand | S. P. Kumar et al. (2023) | International Journal of Organizational Analysis | Q3 |
| 2023 | Lankoski & Lankoski | Lankoski & Lankoski (2023) | Ecological Economics | Q1 |
| 2023 | Li & Larivière | C. (Victor). Li & Larivière (2023) | Psychology & Marketing | Q1 |
| 2023 | Li, Zhang, Zhang & Yan | F. Li et al. (2023) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2023 | Liang, Wang, Foley & Ma | Liang et al. (2023) | Applied Economics | Q2 |
| 2023 | Lim, Leong, Lim, Lim, Lim & Heng | T.-Y. Lim et al. (2023) | Young Consumers | Q2 |
| 2023 | Liu, Wang, He, Ma & Fu | H. Liu et al. (2023) | Journal of Cleaner Production | Q1 |
| 2023 | Liu, Wen, Peng & Cao | Q. Liu et al. (2023) | Journal of Cleaner Production | Q1 |
| 2023 | Luo, Yang & Wang | G. Luo et al. (2023) | PloS one | Q1 |
| 2023 | Manchiraju, Akbari & Seydavi | Manchiraju et al. (2023) | Current Psychology | Q2 |
| 2023 | Munir, Hussain, Farooq, Habib & Shahzad | Munir et al. (2023) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2023 | Mwesiumo, Halpern, Bråthen, Budd & Suau-Sanchez | Mwesiumo, Halpern, et al. (2023) | Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice | Q1 |
| 2023 | Mwesiumo, Harun & Hogset | Mwesiumo, Harun, et al. (2023) | Industrial Marketing Management | Q1 |
| 2023 | Ngoc Su, Quy Nguyen-Phuoc, Thi Kim Tran, Van Nguyen, Trong Luu & Pham | D. N. Su et al. (2023) | Travel Behaviour and Society | Q1 |
| 2023 | Peltokorpi & Sekiguchi | Peltokorpi & Sekiguchi (2023) | European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology | Q1 |
| 2023 | Qu, Qin & Wang | Qu et al. (2023) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2023 | Servajean-Hilst & Suurmond | Servajean-Hilst & Suurmond (2023) | International Journal of Innovation Management | Q3 |
| 2023 | Si, Li, Duan, Cheng & Bao | Si et al. (2023) | Sustainable Production and Consumption | Q1 |
| 2023 | Singh, Jain, Sharma & Nigam | Singh et al. (2023) | International Journal of Project Management | Q1 |
| 2023 | Stek & Schiele | Stek & Schiele (2021) | Journal of Engineering and Technology Management | Q2 |
| 2023 | Sun, Ooi, Wei-Han Tan & Lee | K. Sun et al. (2024) | Journal of Innovation & Knowledge | Q1 |
| 2023 | Tan & Wei | J. Tan & Wei (2023) | Journal of the Knowledge Economy | Q1 |
| 2023 | Thu, Kadirov, Fam & Tho | Thu et al. (2023) | Journal of Macromarketing | Q2 |
| 2023 | Torres & Godinho | Torres & Godinho (2022) | Small Business Economics | Q1 |
| 2023 | Tumaku, Ren, Boakye, Ofori & Abubakari | Tumaku et al. (2023) | International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences | Q2 |
| 2023 | Wagner, Raymond & Paré | Wagner et al. (2023) | JMIR Medical Education | Q1 |
| 2023 | Wang, Li, Gao, Zeng, Wang, Li & Li | G. Wang, Li, et al. (2023) | Land Use Policy | Q1 |
| 2023 | Wang, Zhang, Luo & Abedin | X. Wang et al. (2023) | Journal of Environmental Management | Q1 |
| 2023 | Wang, Zhang, Zeng, Meng & Lin | G. Wang, Zhang, et al. (2023) | Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management | Q1 |
| 2023 | Yan, Liu, Chen, Zhang & Wu | B. Yan et al. (2023) | Public Administration | Q1 |
| 2023 | Zhu, Miao, Wang & Li | Zhu et al. (2023) | Electronic Commerce Research and Applications | Q1 |
| 2023 | Zielińska, Lebuda & Karwowski | Zielińska et al. (2023) | Personality and Individual Differences | Q1 |
| 2022 | Abdalla, Mwesiumo, Öztüren & Kılıç | Abdalla et al. (2022) | International Journal of Tourism Research | Q1 |
| 2022 | Afrin & Prybutok | Afrin & Prybutok (2022) | Health Promotion International | Q2 |
| 2022 | Arbabi, Khansari, Salamzadeh, Gholampour, Ebrahimi & Fekete-Farkas | Arbabi et al. (2022) | Journal of Risk and Financial Management | No ranking |
| 2022 | Bakır, Akan, Özdemir, Nguyen, Tsai & Pham | Bakır et al. (2022) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2022 | Bi, Li, Hua, Zhu & Ye | Bi et al. (2022) | Transport Policy | Q1 |
| 2022 | Bokhorst, Knol, Slomp & Bortolotti | Bokhorst et al. (2022) | International Journal of Production Economics | Q1 |
| 2022 | Bolívar, Roldán, Castro-Abancéns & Casanueva | Bolı́var et al. (2022) | Management International Review | Q2 |
| 2022 | Cheung, Leung, Aw & Koay | Cheung et al. (2022) | Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services | Q1 |
| 2022 | Costa, Daher, Neves & Velez | Costa et al. (2022) | European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology | Q1 |
| 2022 | Deng, Zhuang, Li & Yang | Deng et al. (2022) | Industrial Management & Data Systems | Q1 |
| 2022 | Ding | Ding (2022) | Journal of Innovation & Knowledge | Q1 |
| 2022 | Eggers, Risselada, Niemand & Robledo | Eggers et al. (2022) | Journal of Business Research | Q1 |
| 2022 | Fredrich, Bouncken & Tiberius | Fredrich et al. (2022) | Journal of Business Research | Q1 |
| 2022 | Frezatti, Mucci & Bido | Frezatti et al. (2022) | BAR-Brazilian Administration Review | No ranking |
| 2022 | Frommeyer, Wagner, Hossiep & Schewe | Frommeyer et al. (2022) | Journal of Business Research | Q1 |
| 2022 | Gantert, Fredrich, Bouncken & Kraus | Gantert et al. (2022) | Journal of Business Research | Q1 |
| 2022 | Glück, Weststrate & Scherpf | Glück et al. (2022) | Journal of Happiness Studies | Q1 |
| 2022 | Gu, Wu, Wu, He, Tao, Ye, Wu, Hao & Qiu | Gu et al. (2022) | BMC public health | Q1 |
| 2022 | Han & Zhang | G. Han & Zhang (2022) | Managerial and Decision Economics | Q3 |
| 2022 | Hayat, Salameh, Malik & Yaacob | Hayat et al. (2022) | Technology in Society | Q1 |
| 2022 | Huang, Tung, Wang, Xu, Lam & Zhang | X. Huang et al. (2022) | Heliyon | Q1 |
| 2022 | Huang, Zhang, Wang, Li & Li | Huang et al. (2022) | Journal of Innovation & Knowledge | Q1 |
| 2022 | Jaiswal & Zane | Jaiswal & Zane (2022a) | Thunderbird International Business Review | Q3 |
| 2022 | Klimas, Czakon & Fredrich | Klimas et al. (2022) | European Management Journal | Q1 |
| 2022 | Koay, Cheah & Chang | Koay et al. (2022) | British Food Journal | Q1 |
| 2022 | Kopplin & Rausch | C. S. Kopplin & Rausch (2022) | Review of Managerial Science | Q1 |
| 2022 | Kopplin, Gantert & Maier | C. S. Kopplin et al. (2022) | Review of Managerial Science | Q1 |
| 2022 | Korman, Van Quaquebeke & Tröster | Korman et al. (2022) | Journal of Business and Psychology | Q1 |
| 2022 | Kwon | Kwon (2022) | Cryogenics | Q3 |
| 2022 | Lee & Borgonovi | J. Lee & Borgonovi (2022) | Comparative Education Review | Q2 |
| 2022 | Lee, Park & Jeong | W. Lee et al. (2022) | Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management | Q1 |
| 2022 | Loh, Lee & Leong | Loh et al. (2022) | Expert Systems With Applications | Q1 |
| 2022 | Luo, Wang, Liu, Zhang & Fang | L. Luo et al. (2022) | Ecological Indicators | Q1 |
| 2022 | Lyu, Chin, Zhang & Liu | Lyu et al. (2021) | Journal of Consumer Behaviour | Q2 |
| 2022 | Matusek | Matusek (2022) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2022 | Pangarso, Winarno, Aulia & Ritonga | Pangarso et al. (2022) | Leadership & Organization Development Journal | Q2 |
| 2022 | Peng, Zhao, Elahi & Wan | Peng et al. (2022) | Technological Forecasting and Social Change | Q1 |
| 2022 | Prakash, Jeyakumar Nathan, Kini & Victor | Prakash et al. (2022) | PloS one | Q1 |
| 2022 | Ruiz-Equihua, Romero, Loureiro & Ali | Ruiz-Equihua et al. (2023) | International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management | Q1 |
| 2022 | Saraf, Saha & Anand | Saraf et al. (2022) | International Journal of Public Sector Management | Q2 |
| 2022 | Sharma, Dwivedi, Mariani & Islam | A. Sharma et al. (2022) | Technological Forecasting and Social Change | Q1 |
| 2022 | Sukhov, Olsson & Friman | Sukhov et al. (2022) | Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice | Q1 |
| 2022 | Sun, Wang & Zhang | Y. Sun et al. (2022) | Buildings | Q2 |
| 2022 | Widge, Zhang, Gosai, Papadimitrou, Wilson-Braun, Tsintou, Palanivelu, Noecker, McIntyre, O’Donnell, McLaughlin, Greenberg, Makris, Dougherty & Rathi | Widge et al. (2022) | Neuropsychopharmacology | Q1 |
| 2022 | Yang & Hurmelinna-Laukkanen | Yang & Hurmelinna-Laukkanen (2022) | Technovation | Q1 |
| 2022 | Yu, Cheah & Liu | C. Yu et al. (2022) | International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management | Q1 |
| 2022 | Yuan, Xu, Niu & Guo | Yuan et al. (2022) | Journal of Environmental and Public Health | No ranking |
| 2022 | Zahrai, Veer, Ballantine, De Vries & Prayag | Zahrai et al. (2022) | Journal of Consumer Affairs | Q2 |
| 2022 | Zheng, Shi & Jiang | J. Zheng et al. (2022) | PloS one | Q1 |
| 2022 | Zhou | S. Zhou (2023) | Frontiers in Psychology | Q2 |
| 2022 | Zhou & Wang | S. Zhou & Wang (2022) | Frontiers in Psychology | Q2 |
| 2021 | Adam & Dzang Alhassan | Adam & Dzang Alhassan (2022) | African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development | Q2 |
| 2021 | Batey, Hughes, Crick & Toader | Batey et al. (2021) | Ergonomics | Q2 |
| 2021 | Camitan & Bajin | Camitan IV & Bajin (2021) | Frontiers in Psychology | Q2 |
| 2021 | Delgosha, Saheb & Hajiheydari | Delgosha et al. (2021) | Information Systems Frontiers | Q1 |
| 2021 | Della Corte, Aria, Del Gaudio, Barney, Cobanoglu & Sepe | Della Corte et al. (2021) | International Journal of Hospitality Management | Q1 |
| 2021 | Ebrahimi, Khajeheian & Fekete-Farkas | Ebrahimi et al. (2021) | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | No ranking |
| 2021 | Jada & Mukhopadhyay | Jada & Mukhopadhyay (2019) | Research in Transportation Business and Management | Q2 |
| 2021 | Kopplin & Rösch | C. S. Kopplin & Rösch (2021) | Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services | Q1 |
| 2021 | Kumar | D. Kumar (2021) | Case Studies on Transport Policy | Q3 |
| 2021 | Lee & Jeong | W. Lee & Jeong (2021) | Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management | Q1 |
| 2021 | Liu, Yu & Damberg | Liu et al. (2022) | Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship | Q2 |
| 2021 | Mazumder & Garg | Mazumder & Garg (2021) | International Journal of Information Management | Q1 |
| 2021 | Richter, Martin, Hansen, Taras & Alon | Richter et al. (2021) | Journal of Business Research | Q1 |
| 2021 | Stek & Schiele | Stek & Schiele (2021) | Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management | Q1 |
| 2020 | Ben Jabeur | Ben Jabeur (2020) | Environmental Modeling & Assessment | Q3 |
| 2020 | Bouncken, Fredrich, Sinkovics & Sinkovics | Bouncken et al. (2023) | Journal of Business Research | Q1 |
| 2020 | Bouncken, Ratzmann, Barwinski & Kraus | Bouncken, Ratzmann, et al. (2020) | Long Range Planning | Q1 |
| 2020 | Chaurasia, Kaul, Yadav & Shukla | Chaurasia et al. (2020) | Journal of Knowledge Management | Q1 |
| 2020 | Franke & Foerstl | Franke & Foerstl (2021) | Journal of Business Logistics | Q1 |
| 2020 | Garg | Garg (2020a) | International Journal of Educational Management | Q3 |
| 2020 | Garg | Garg (2020b) | Global Business Review | Q3 |
| 2020 | Garg & Sarkar | Garg & Sarkar (2020) | Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance | Q3 |
| 2020 | Karwowski, Jankowska, Brzeski, Czerwonka, Gajda, Lebuda & Beghetto | Karwowski et al. (2020) | Creativity Research Journal | Q2 |
| 2020 | Kobarg, Stumpf-Wollersheim, Schlägel & Welpe | Kobarg et al. (2020) | Industry and Innovation | Q1 |
| 2020 | Lee & Jeong | W. Lee & Jeong (2020) | Current Issues in Tourism | Q1 |
| 2020 | Richter, Schlaegel, Bakel & Engle | Richter, Schlaegel, et al. (2020) | European Journal of International Management | Q3 |
| 2020 | Tynan, Credé & Harms | Tynan et al. (2020) | Learning and Individual Differences | Q1 |
| 2019 | Fredrich, Bouncken & Kraus | Fredrich et al. (2019) | Journal of Business Research | Q1 |
| 2019 | Garg, Punia & Jain | Garg et al. (2019) | Vision | Q2 |
| 2019 | Islam, Rahman, Taher, Quaosar & Uddin | Islam et al. (2024) | Personnel Review | Q1 |
| 2019 | Knol, Slomp, Schouteten & Lauche | Knol et al. (2018) | International Journal of Operations & Production Management | Q1 |
| 2019 | Shahjehan & Qureshi | Shahjehan & Qureshi (2019) | Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja | No ranking |
| 2019 | Tho | Tho (2019a) | Education and Training | Q1 |
| 2019 | Tho | Tho (2019b) | Baltic Journal of Management | Q3 |
| 2019 | Wei & Chen | X. Wei & Chen (2019) | Sustainability | Q2 |
| 2018 | Kerwin, Hittle, Stredney, De Boeck & Wiet | Kerwin et al. (2018) | Journal of surgical education | Q1 |
| 2018 | Knol, Slomp, Schouteten & Lauche | Knol et al. (2019) | International Journal of Production Research | Q1 |
| 2018 | Tho | Tho (2018) | Journal of Management Development | Q3 |
| 2017 | Arenius, Engel & Klyver | Arenius et al. (2017) | Journal of Business Venturing Insights | No ranking |
| 2017 | De Vries, De Koster, Rijsdijk & Roy | De Vries et al. (2017) | Transportation research part E: logistics and transportation review | Q1 |
| 2017 | Garg | Garg (2017) | Journal of Human Values | Q3 |
| 2017 | Karwowski, Kaufman, Lebuda, Szumski & Firkowska-Mankiewicz | Karwowski et al. (2017) | Intelligence | Q1 |
| 2017 | Luther, Bonfils, Firmin, Buck, Choi, Dimaggio, Popolo, Minor & Lysaker | Luther et al. (2017) | The Journal of nervous and mental disease | Q3 |
| 2017 | Shi, Wang, Yang, Zhang & Xu | Shi et al. (2017) | Frontiers in Psychology | Q2 |
| 2016 | Golini, Deflorin & Scherrer | Golini et al. (2016) | International Journal of Operations & Production Management | Q1 |
| 2016 | Karwowski, Dul, Gralewski, Jauk, Jankowska, Gajda, Chruszczewski & Benedek | Karwowski et al. (2016) | Intelligence | Q1 |
| 2016 | Van Der Valk, Sumo, Dul & Schroeder | Van der Valk et al. (2016) | Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management | Q1 |
Several articles that apply NCA did not find a necessary condition (e.g., Batey et al., 2021; Golini et al., 2016; Gu et al., 2022; L. Luo et al., 2022; Peng et al., 2022) but the majority identified at least one. Not finding a necessary condition might be a valuable result, because such result tells that a supposed essential factor for an outcome does not need to be present and its absence can be compensated (e.g., Arenius et al., 2017). On the other hand, finding a large number of potential necessary conditions in an explorative study may not be informative when several conditions do not have a theoretical meaning or are trivial (e.g., Gantert et al., 2022; Klimas et al., 2022; Stek & Schiele, 2021).
NCA can be used in any type of research that aims to find causal relationships between causes and effects. With conventional regression based research methods (e.g, multiple linear regression, structural equation modeling), research questions about cause-effect relationships are often formulated like ‘what is the effect of X on Y?’ and related hypotheses similar to ‘X has a positive (or negative) effect on Y’. Such causal relationship imply an average effect of X on Y which can be graphically shown as an arrow between X and Y indicating a temporal direction: first X, then Y, with a + or - sign shown above the arrow indicating that X increases or decreases Y on average. However, the type of causality is usually not specified. The regression equation consisting of terms that are added to produce the average effect including an ‘error term’, implicitly assumes additive causal logic and average effects. Consequently, cause X is assumed to contribute to producing effect Y on average, and the absence of X can be compensated by the presence of other causes. In other words: X is an average contributor to Y.
However, in NCA, cause X is assumed to be a necessary cause of Y. The research question is formulated as ‘is X necessary for Y?’ and the corresponding hypothesis as ‘X is necessary for Y’. If X is necessary for Y, single cause X can stop the outcome when it is absent or has a low value. It can be a bottleneck, a critical success factor or a must have factor. NCA does not make a claim about the average contributing effect of necessary causes.
This means that any conventional research question or hypothesis about causal relationships can be revisited from the perspective of necessity. The cause could be necessary (essential) for the effect. It is important to know whether causes are necessary or not, because if any necessary cause is absent, the effect cannot be achieved. In practice this means that acting on other causes than the bottleneck cause has no effect (no compensation possible) and would be a waste of effort.
The entire NCA method consists of three parts:
Using necessity logic for developing theoretical causal statements (theory, hypotheses).
Data analysis for calculating necessity parameters.
Statistical testing for evaluating necessity parameters.
Methodological backgrounds of NCA have appeared in several publications (Table 0.2).
| Year | Author(s) | Reference | Main contribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Dul | Dul (2016b) | Core article introducing NCA |
| 2016 | Dul | Dul (2016a) | Necessity logic in NCA and QCA |
| 2018 | Vis & Dul | Vis & Dul (2018) | Differences between NCA and QCA |
| 2020 | Dul | Dul (2020) | Textbook for NCA |
| 2020 | Dul | Dul, Van der Laan, et al. (2020) | Statistical significance test for NCA |
| 2020 | Richter, Schubring, Hauff, Ringle & Sarstedt | Richter, Schubring, et al. (2020) | Guidelines for combining NCA with PLS-SEM |
| 2021 | Dul | Dul (2021) | Advanced topics of NCA (this book) |
| 2023 | Bokrantz & Dul | Bokrantz & Dul (2023) | Building necessity theories |
| 2023 | Dul | Dul (2023) | The diffusion of NCA in academia |
| 2023 | Dul, Hauff & Bouncken | Dul et al. (2023) | Guidelines for conducting and reporting NCA |
| 2023 | Richter, N. F., Hauff, S., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Kolev, A. E., & Schubring, S. (2023). | Richter, Hauff, Ringle, et al. (2023) | Extended guidelines for combining NCA with PLS-SEM |
| 2024 | Dul, van Raaij & Caputo | Dul et al. (2024) | Reusing data for NCA |
| 2024 | Hauff, Richter, Sarstedt, & Ringle | Hauff et al. (2024) | Adding NCA results to IPMA of PLS-SEM |
| 2024 | Dul | Dul (2024a) | Comparing NCA’s causal logic with other causal logics |
| 2024 | Dul | Dul (2024b) | Sampling in NCA for qualitative and quantitative research |
Because NCA is an emerging method, new insights are gained, and extensions are being developed. This book intends to provide the latest insights and developments of NCA. The topics are selected from interactions with the research community at conferences, webinars, workshops and in email exchanges. Some topics are extensively covered, others await elaboration.
This book was first published online in 2021. As the NCA approach is developing, the content of the book is developing as well. The book will therefore remain an online book with a version number. Please, contact the author if you want to react on the book or wish to have new topics covered in it. Your contribution will be acknowledged.
The suggested reference to the book is Dul, J. (2021) Advances in Necessary Condition Analysis. The book is hosted on https://bookdown.org/ncabook/advanced_nca2/.
Version history:
Version 0.1 (October 10, 2021). First published (draft) version. Several sections under construction.
Version 1.0 (March 20, 2022). First full version. All sections available.
Version 1.1 (August 2, 2022). Extended with basic guidelines for good NCA practice, outlier analysis.
Version 1.2 (October 28, 2022). Extended with necessity theories, combining NCA and regression, interpretation of the bottleneck table.
Version 1.3 (January 4, 2023). Extended with the necessity experiment; major update of references.
Version 1.4 (March 1, 2023). Extended with visual inspection of the scatter plot, robustness checks, and data transformation.
Version 1.5 (August 2, 2023). Reorganized Statistics chapter, and extended with power analysis.
Version 1.6 (January 3, 2024). Major update of references.
Version 1.7 (January 9, 2025). Major update of references. Extended with checklist for reviewers, robustness table, section on NCA with PLS-SEM (including R code, robustness checks and BIPMA)
The latest version is regularly updated with small fixes.
References
Abdalla, M. J., Mwesiumo, D., Öztüren, A., & Kılıç, H. (2022). Perceived threat of informal players: Enhancing the operational performance of inbound tour operators through coopetition. International Journal of Tourism Research, 24(6), 775–785. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2544
Abner, G., Alam, A., & Cho, H. (2023). What is necessary for high employee engagement and satisfaction? A look at the best places to work in the federal government index. Public Administration Review, 83(4), 974–981. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13576
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