5 Relationship Centered

5.1 Affection Exchange Theory

5.2 Transnational Scholarship

5.3 Resilience Communication Theories

(Buzzanell 2010)

Human resilience is “the ability to”bounce back" or reintegrate after difficult life experiences"
Resilience is not possessed by individual but by discourse, interaction, and processes:
- crafting normalcy
- affirming identity anchors:
  - identity anchor is “a relatively enduring cluster of identity discourses upon which individuals and their familial, collegial, and/or community members rely when explaining who they are for themselves and in relation to each other.”
- maintaining and using communication networks
  - Social capital is important in time of need
- putting alternative logics to work
- downplaying negative feelings while foregrounding positive emotions
(Richardson 2002) defines resilience as “the process of reintegrating from disruptions in life”
- requires “trigger event”

(AFIFI, MERRILL, and DAVIS 2016)

Theory of resilience and relational load (TRRL) in the context of social
- based on theory of
  - emotional capital
  - adaptive calibration model, allostatic load, investment model, family systems theory, affectionate exchange theory, broaden and build theory
- Assumptions
  - people want to feel validated and secure, based on sociometer hypothesis, intergroup theories, social identity theory, evolutionary theories (e.g., exchange theory).
  - stress is natural and necessary (either good or bad).
    - good stress = positive perception of stressors
    - bad stress = distress = negative perception of stressors
  - body and mind work together to cope with stress
  - body has a natural diurnal rhythm
  - relationship have homeostasis that is “continually being calibrated in response to stress and the communication of stress.”
- Propositions:
  - “Validating communicative maintenance behaviors and actions over time build positive emotional reserves. Emotional reserves reflect the accumulation of investments (i.e., maintenance) and discrepancies in investments”
  - Communal orientation & discrepancies influence communication maintenance behaviors/discrepancies, and vice versa
  - Communal orientation, emotional reserves, discrepancies in the communal orientation influence how one perceives stressors, which later influence their investment in the relationship
  - communal orientation and emotional reserves, discrepancies int eh communal orientation influence threat and security-based appraisals and communication pattern
    - Similar constructs to communal orientation are cognitive interdependence, couple identity, communal coping
    - self-control could be depleted
  - continued depletion of resources and increased stress increase relational load
  - short-term depletion and relation load have short-term and long-term health consequences respectively.
  - “Security-based appraisals and communication patterns facilitate resilience, the potential to thrive, and short-term and long-term health”
  - Communicative maintenance strategies can be learned
Resilience is “the ability to adapt positively when confronted with adversity or stress” (Luthar 2003)
positive relationship maintenance can serve as resilience in close relationships, via
- nonverbal behaviors
- perceptions

Picture from Personal Relationships, Volume: 23, Issue: 4, Pages: 663-683, First published: 26 October 2016, DOI: (10.1111/pere.12159)

(Buzzanell and Houston 2018)

Resilience include:

Individual/relational resilience: social relationship can increase adaptive ability to adversity. To increase one’s resilience
- giving and receiving affection
- exchanging person-centered messages
- being present
family resilience
- parent-child (dyadic) can foster resilience
organizational resilience
- 5 tensional processes
community resilience
- bouncing forward = interactional process that helps individuals to adapt successfully to changing circumstances
national resilience
- resilience is defined by Hamilton Bean as a “central trope,” “shared social phenomenon” that solidify “shared feelings of resoluteness.”

(Kam, Torres, and Fazio 2018)

How undocumented youth cope with stress at the family level
Resilience is “the process by which individuals exposed to adversity exhibit positive adaptation in spite of this adversity.” It is a general pattern or process than a trait or quality.
To cope with stress, youths use strategies:
- psychological suppression
- distraction/diversion
- reframing
- normalizing
The individual as an asset
The family as a resource
Stress come from
- unable to go places, unable to attend college, employment, help family financially, affordable health care
- fear of detainment/deportation

(First et al. 2020)

Covid-19 exposure directly influence stress, and indirectly influence stress and depress through media use and interpersonal communication.

5.4 Communication Privacy Management Theory

CPM is under a boarder context as compared to only disclosure. It’s the dialectical tension of private information between revealing and concealing under a rule management system.
Guiding maxims:
- Assumption maxims:
  1. public-private dialectical assumptions: dialectical nature of revealing and concealing
  2. privacy management assumptions:
    - We are entitled to our private information
    - people should control the flow of private information
    - managing private information is not absolute
  3. boundary metaphor assumptions
- Axiomatic maxims:
  1. Conceptualizing private information ownership: one can be authorized, or unauthorized co-owners of information.
  2. conceptualizing private information control: privacy rules are applied based
    1. core criteria: culture, gender, privacy orientations
    2. catalyst: privacy rules adapt to changes.
  3. conceptualizing private information turbulence: gossip breaks privacy
- Interaction maxims:
  1. shared privacy boundaries: there is a boundary around the shared information.
  2. coordinating privacy boundaries: co-own, co-manage, 3 operations:
    1. privacy boundary linkages: alliances between a discloser and recipients
    2. private information co-ownership rights: privileges and expected responsibility for co-owners of private information.
    3. privacy boundary permeability: the amount of openness within a privacy boundary. managed boundary in
      1. disproportionate way
      2. intersected way
      3. Unified way
  3. ramifications of privacy boundary turbulence
Application:
- (Petronio 2007): translational aspect
- (Bute, Brann, and Hernandez 2017): Orgasm and alcohol on communication after sexual activity.
- (Brummett and Steuber 2014): interracial partners disclose relational information to social network members. They both experience power struggles while managing private and relational information.
- (Denes and Afifi 2014): miscarriages are bound by societal-level expectations about how they should be talked in interpersonal communication.

5.5 Relational Turbulence Theory

Relationship progresses in two ways
- Qualitative change perspective: sudden tranformational change
- Quantitative change perspective: incremental shifts
causes of relational turbulence during times of transition
- relational uncertainty ,from emotion-in-relationships model, refers to “degree of confidence (or lack of confidence) that individuals have in their judgments about the nature of their relationship.” (L. Baxter and Braithwaite 2008.pp521)
  - Consists of
    - Self uncertainty
    - Partner uncertainty
    - Relationship uncertainty
- Interference from partners: from emotion-in-relationships model, consists of
  - Inference from partners
  - Facilitation from partners
Under relational turbulence, people use both avoidant and aggressive messages (L. Baxter and Braithwaite 2008.pp523). It changes the message processing and message production mechanisms.
This theory can be applied to a broad range of contexts from couples, parents, military personnel, etc.
Applications:

(Solomon et al. 2016, 509)

4 Interaction/discourse Centered

6 Perspectives on Organizational Communication