Chapter 11 References

sessionInfo()
## R version 4.0.3 (2020-10-10)
## Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin17.0 (64-bit)
## Running under: macOS Big Sur 10.16
## 
## Matrix products: default
## BLAS:   /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/lib/libRblas.dylib
## LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib
## 
## locale:
## [1] en_CA.UTF-8/en_CA.UTF-8/en_CA.UTF-8/C/en_CA.UTF-8/en_CA.UTF-8
## 
## attached base packages:
## [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     
## 
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
##  [1] bookdown_0.21.6   digest_0.6.27     R6_2.5.0          jsonlite_1.7.2   
##  [5] magrittr_2.0.1    evaluate_0.14     stringi_1.5.3     rlang_0.4.10     
##  [9] jquerylib_0.1.3   bslib_0.2.4       rmarkdown_2.6.6   tools_4.0.3      
## [13] stringr_1.4.0     xfun_0.22         yaml_2.2.1        parallel_4.0.3   
## [17] compiler_4.0.3    htmltools_0.5.1.1 knitr_1.31        sass_0.3.1
Amrhein, V., S. Greenland, and B. McShane. 2019. “Retire Statistical Significance.” Journal Article. Nature 567: 305–7.
Gelman, A. 2014. Web Page. https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2014/09/05/confirmationist-falsificationist-paradigms-science/ accessed Oct 7 2020.
Gelman, A., JB. Carlin, HS. Stern, and DB. Rubin. 2014. Bayesian Data Analysis. Book. Third edition. Chapman & Hall/CRC Texts in Statistical Science. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Cover image http://images.tandf.co.uk/common/jackets/websmall/978143984/9781439840955.jpg.
Gelman, A., and HS. Stern. 2006. “The Difference Between ‘Significant’ and ‘Not Significant’ Is Not Itself Statistically Significant.” Journal Article. Am Statist 60: 328–31.
Goodman, S., and S. Greenland. 2007. “Why Most Published Research Findings Are False: Problems in the Analysis.” Journal Article. PLoS Med 4 (4): e168. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040168.
Goodman, S. N. 1999a. “Toward Evidence-Based Medical Statistics. 1: The p Value Fallacy.” Journal Article. Ann Intern Med 130 (12): 995–1004. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-12-199906150-00008.
———. 1999b. “Toward Evidence-Based Medical Statistics. 2: The Bayes Factor.” Journal Article. Ann Intern Med 130 (12): 1005–13. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-12-199906150-00019.
Gordis, Leon. 2014. Epidemiology. Book.
Greenland, S. 2017. “Invited Commentary: The Need for Cognitive Science in Methodology.” Journal Article. Am J Epidemiol 186 (6): 639–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx259.
Haneuse, S. 2016. “Distinguishing Selection Bias and Confounding Bias in Comparative Effectiveness Research.” Journal Article. Med Care 54 (4): e23–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000011.
Hasin, T., Y. Gerber, S. M. McNallan, S. A. Weston, S. S. Kushwaha, T. J. Nelson, J. R. Cerhan, and V. L. Roger. 2013. “Patients with Heart Failure Have an Increased Risk of Incident Cancer.” Journal Article. J Am Coll Cardiol 62 (10): 881–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.088.
Hernan, M. A. 2018. “The c-Word: Scientific Euphemisms Do Not Improve Causal Inference from Observational Data.” Journal Article. Am J Public Health 108 (5): 616–19. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304337.
Hernan, M. A., S. Hernandez-Diaz, and J. M. Robins. 2004. “A Structural Approach to Selection Bias.” Journal Article. Epidemiology 15 (5): 615–25. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000135174.63482.43.
Hernan, M. A., and J. M. Robins. 2016. “Using Big Data to Emulate a Target Trial When a Randomized Trial Is Not Available.” Journal Article. Am J Epidemiol 183 (8): 758–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv254.
Hernan, M. A., B. C. Sauer, S. Hernandez-Diaz, R. Platt, and I. Shrier. 2016. “Specifying a Target Trial Prevents Immortal Time Bias and Other Self-Inflicted Injuries in Observational Analyses.” Journal Article. J Clin Epidemiol 79: 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.04.014.
Hernán, MA, and Robins JM. 2020. Causal Inference: What If. Book. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Book. 1st ed. New York: Farrar, Straus; Giroux.
Kim, Chul, and Vinay Prasad. 2015. “Cancer Drugs Approved on the Basis of a Surrogate End Point and Subsequent Overall Survival: An Analysis of 5 Years of US Food and Drug Administration Approvals.” Journal Article. JAMA Internal Medicine 175 (12): 1992–94. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.5868.
Knol, M. J., J. P. Vandenbroucke, P. Scott, and M. Egger. 2008. “What Do Case-Control Studies Estimate? Survey of Methods and Assumptions in Published Case-Control Research.” Journal Article. Am J Epidemiol 168 (9): 1073–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn217.
Lash TL, Fink AK, Fox MP. 2009. Applying Quanitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiologic Data. Book. New York: Springer.
Last, J. M. 2001. “Dictionary of Epidemiology. 4th Ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001. P. 61.” Journal Article.
Levesque, L. E., J. A. Hanley, A. Kezouh, and S. Suissa. 2010. “Problem of Immortal Time Bias in Cohort Studies: Example Using Statins for Preventing Progression of Diabetes.” Journal Article. BMJ 340: b5087. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b5087.
Pearl, J. 2008. Causality. Cambridge University Press. Book.
Pearl, J, M Glymour, and NP Jewell. 2016. Causal Inference in Statistics. John Wiley. Book.
Rafi, Z., and S. Greenland. 2020. “Semantic and Cognitive Tools to Aid Statistical Science: Replace Confidence and Significance by Compatibility and Surprise.” Journal Article. BMC Med Res Methodol 20 (1): 244. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01105-9.
Rothman, Kenneth J. 2012. Epidemiology : An Introduction. Book. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Rothman, Kenneth J., Sander Greenland, and Timothy L. Lash. 2008. Modern Epidemiology. Book.
Smith, Louisa H. 2020. Selection mechanisms and their consequences: Understanding and addressing selection bias.” Current Epidemiology Reports, in press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-020-00241-6.
Szklo, M., and F. Javier Nieto. 2019. Epidemiology : Beyond the Basics. Book.
The Economist. 2013. “Worth a Thousand Words,” October 7, 2013. https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2013/10/07/worth-a-thousand-words.
Wakefield, A. J., S. H. Murch, A. Anthony, J. Linnell, D. M. Casson, M. Malik, M. Berelowitz, et al. 1998. “Ileal-Lymphoid-Nodular Hyperplasia, Non-Specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children.” Journal Article. Lancet 351 (9103): 637–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0.
Wasserstein, RL., and NA. Lazar. 2016. “The ASA’s Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose.” Journal Article. The American Statistician 70:2: 129–33.
Wasserstein, RL., AL. Schirm, and NA. Lazar. 2019. “Moving to a World Beyond ‘p < 0.05’.” Journal Article. The American Statistician 73: 1–19.
Westreich, D. 2019. Epidemiology by Design. Oxford University Press. Book.