General Resources
- Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (Rothman et al., 2008)
- Boston University Schol of Public Health. MPH Online Learning Modules. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/Menu/index.html (Boston University School of Public Health, n.d.)
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Fundamentals of Epidemiology I : Lecture Materials. In JHSPHOPEN coursewear. Retrieved January 27, 2020, from http://ocw.jhsph.edu/index.cfm/go/viewCourse/course/FundEpi/coursePage/lectureNotes/ (Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2020)
Writing Resources
Writing Aid Tool
- Lachat, C. (2019). Contribute to carllachat/WritingAidTool development by creating an account on GitHub. https://github.com/carllachat/WritingAidTool
original-date: 2019-02-07T17:29:24Z (Lachat, 2019)
- Hawwash, D., Sharp, M. K., Argaw, A., Kolsteren, P., & Lachat, C. (2019). Usefulness of applying research reporting guidelines as Writing Aid software: A crossover randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030943 (Hawwash et al., 2019)
Others
- Perneger, T. V., & Hudelson, P. M. (2004). Writing a research article: Advice to beginners. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 16(3), 191–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzh053 (Perneger & Hudelson, 2004)
Teaching Epidemiology
- Trichopolous, D. (Ed.). (2010). Teaching epidemiology: A guide for teachers in epidemiology, public health and clinical medicine. Oxford University Press. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Teaching-Epidemiology-Teachers-Clinical-Medicine/dp/0199239479 (Trichopolous, 2010)
- Keyes, K. M., & Galea, S. (2014). Current Practices in Teaching Introductory Epidemiology: How We Got Here, Where to Go. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180(7), 661–668. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu219 (Keyes & Galea, 2014)
Statistics and Coding
- Datamethods Discussion Forum. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from https://discourse.datamethods.org/ (“Datamethods Discussion Forum,” 2020)
- Stack Overflow - Where Developers Learn, Share, & Build Careers. In Stack Overflow. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from https://stackoverflow.com/ (“Stack Overflow - Where Developers Learn, Share, & Build Careers,” 2020)
Resources
Do you know of any good guidance or resources related to this item? Suggest them via comments below, Twitter, GitHub, or e-mail.
Als-Nielsen, B., Chen, W., Gluud, C., & Kjaergard, L. L. (2003). Association of Funding and Conclusions in Randomized Drug Trials: A Reflection of Treatment Effect or Adverse Events? JAMA, 290(7), 921–928. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.7.921
Altman, D. (n.d.). Categorizing continuous variables. In Encyclopedia of biostatistics (2nd ed., pp. 708–711). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altman, D. (1994). Dangers of using “optimal” cutpoints in the evaluation of prognostic factors. J Natl Cancer Inst, 86, 829–835.
Altman, D. G. (2001). The Revised CONSORT Statement for Reporting Randomized Trials: Explanation and Elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134(8), 663. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012
Altman, D. G., Gore, S. M., Gardner, M. J., & Pocock, S. J. (1983). Statistical guidelines for contributors to medical journals. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 286(6376), 1489–1493. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1547706/
Altman, D. G., Stavola, B. D., Love, S. B., & Stepniewska, K. A. (1995). Review of survival analyses published in cancer journals. British Journal of Cancer, 72(2), 511–518. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1995.364
American Journal of Epidemiology. (2007). Information for Authors. In Oxford Academic. http://www.oxfordjournals.org/aje/for_authors/index.html
Anderson, H. R., Atkinson, R. W., Peacock, J. L., Sweeting, M. J., & Marston, L. (2005). Ambient Particulate Matter and Health Effects: Publication Bias in Studies of Short-Term Associations. Epidemiology, 16(2), 155–163. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20486022
Anoop, S., Saravanan, B., Joseph, A., Cherian, A., & Jacob, K. S. (2004). Maternal depression and low maternal intelligence as risk factors for malnutrition in children: A community based case-control study from South India. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 89(4), 325–329. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2002.009738
Artama, M., Ritvanen, A., Gissler, M., Isojärvi, J., & Auvinen, A. (2006). Congenital structural anomalies in offspring of women with epilepsy—a population-based cohort study in Finland. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(2), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi234
Aspinall, R. L., & Goodman, N. W. (1995). Denial of effective treatment and poor quality of clinical information in placebo controlled trials of ondansetron for postoperative nausea and vomiting: A review of published trials. BMJ, 311(7009), 844–846. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7009.844
Barnard, J., & Meng, X.-L. (1999). Applications of multiple imputation in medical studies: From AIDS to NHANES. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8(1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/096228029900800103
Barnes, D. E., & Bero, L. A. (1998). Why Review Articles on the Health Effects of Passive Smoking Reach Different Conclusions. JAMA, 279(19), 1566–1570. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.19.1566
Beane Freeman, L. E., Dennis, L. K., Lynch, C. F., Thorne, P. S., & Just, C. L. (2004). Toenail Arsenic Content and Cutaneous Melanoma in Iowa. American Journal of Epidemiology, 160(7), 679–687. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh267
Becher, H. (1992). The concept of residual confounding in regression models and some applications. Statistics in Medicine, 11(13), 1747–1758. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780111308
Begg, C., Cho, M., Eastwood, S., Horton, R., Moher, D., Olkin, I., Pitkin, R., Rennie, D., Schulz, K. F., Simel, D., & Stroup, D. F. (1996). Improving the Quality of Reporting of Randomized Controlled Trials: The CONSORT Statement. JAMA, 276(8), 637–639. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540080059030
Bekelman, J. E., Li, Y., & Gross, C. P. (2003). Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research: A Systematic Review. JAMA, 289(4), 454–465. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.4.454
Benchimol, E. I., Smeeth, L., Guttmann, A., Harron, K., Moher, D., Petersen, I., Sorensen, H. T., Elm, E. von, Langan, S. M., & Committee, R. W. (2015). The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) Statement. PLOS Medicine, 12(10), e1001885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001885
Benson, K., & Hartz, A. J. (2000). A Comparison of Observational Studies and Randomized, Controlled Trials. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(25), 1878–1886. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200006223422506
Beral, V. (2003). Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. The Lancet, 362(9382), 419–427. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673603140652
Berglund, A., Alfredsson, L., Jensen, I., Cassidy, J. D., & Nygren, A. (2001). The association between exposure to a rear-end collision and future health complaints. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54(8), 851–856. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895435600003693
Berkson, J. (1946). Limitations of the Application of Fourfold Table Analysis to Hospital Data. Biometrics Bulletin, 2(3), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/3002000
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach’s alpha. BMJ, 314(7080), 572. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572
Bloemenkamp, K. W. M., Rosendaal, F. R., Büller, H. R., Helmerhorst, F. M., Colly, L. P., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (1999). Risk of Venous Thrombosis With Use of Current Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives Is Not Explained by Diagnostic Suspicion and Referral Bias. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.1.65
Boffetta, P. (1995). Sources of bias, effect of confounding in the application of biomarkers to epidemiological studies. Toxicology Letters, 77(1), 235–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)03301-7
Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., & Vet, H. C. W. de. (2003). Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD initiative. BMJ : British Medical Journal, 326(7379), 41–44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1124931/
Boston University School of Public Health. (n.d.). MPH Online Learning Modules. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/Menu/index.html
Botto, L. D., & Khoury, M. J. (2001). Commentary: Facing the challenge of the gene-environment interaction: The two-by-four table and beyond. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(10), 1016–1020. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/153.10.1016
Braitstein, P., Brinkhof, M., Dabis, F., Schecter, M., Boulle, A., Miotti, P., Wood, R., Laurent, C., Sprinz, E., Seyler, C., Bangsberg, D., Balestre, E., Sterne, J., May, M., Egger, M., & undefined. (2006). Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: Comparison between low-income and high-income countries. Lancet (London, England), 367(9513), 817–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68337-2
Brenner, H., & Blettner, M. (1997). Controlling for Continuous Confounders in Epidemiologic Research. Epidemiology, 8(4), 429–434. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3702586
British Medical Journal Publishing. (2018). How to estimate the effect of treatment duration on survival outcomes using observational data. BMJ, 360, k182. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k182
Cambien, F., Chretien, J. M., Ducimetiere, P., Guize, L., & Richard, J. L. (1985). Is the relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular risk dependent on body mass index? American Journal of Epidemiology, 122(3), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114124
Campbell, D. T. (1957). Factors relevant to the validity of experiments in social settings. Psychological Bulletin, 54(4), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040950
Canto, J. G., Allison, J. J., Kiefe, C. I., Fincher, C., Farmer, R., Sekar, P., Person, S., & Weissman, N. W. (2000). Relation of Race and Sex to the Use of Reperfusion Therapy in Medicare Beneficiaries with Acute Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(15), 1094–1100. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200004133421505
Carlin, J. B., & Doyle, L. W. (2002). Sample size. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 38(3), 300–304. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.2002.00855.x
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. (2017). Catalogue of Bias. In Catalog of Bias. https://catalogofbias.org/
Chan, A.-W., Hróbjartsson, A., Haahr, M. T., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Altman, D. G. (2004). Empirical Evidence for Selective Reporting of Outcomes in Randomized Trials: Comparison of Protocols to Published Articles. JAMA, 291(20), 2457–2465. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.20.2457
Chandola, T., Brunner, E., & Marmot, M. (2006). Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: Prospective study. BMJ, 332(7540), 521–525. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38693.435301.80
Cheng, A., Kessler, D., Mackinnon, R., Chang, T. P., Nadkarni, V. M., Hunt, E. A., Duval-Arnould, J., Lin, Y., Cook, D. A., Pusic, M., Hui, J., Moher, D., Egger, M., & Auerbach, M. (2016). Reporting guidelines for health care simulation research: Extensions to the CONSORT and STROBE statements. Advances in Simulation, 1, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41077-016-0025-y
Christenfeld, N. J. S., Sloan, R. P., Carroll, D., & Greenland, S. (2004). Risk Factors, Confounding, and the Illusion of Statistical Control. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(6), 868–875. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000140008.70959.41
Clark, T. G., Altman, D. G., & Stavola, B. L. D. (2002). Quantification of the completeness of follow-up. The Lancet, 359(9314), 1309–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08272-7
Clayton, D., & Hills, M. (1993). Models for dose-response (chapter 25). In Statistical models in epidemiology (pp. 249–260). Oxford University Press.
Cnattingius, S., Zack, M., Ekbom, A., Gunnarskog, J., Linet, M., & Adami, H. O. (1995). Prenatal and neonatal risk factors for childhood myeloid leukemia. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 4(5), 441–445. https://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/4/5/441
Cochran, W. G. (1968). The Effectiveness of Adjustment by Subclassification in Removing Bias in Observational Studies. Biometrics, 24(2), 295–313. https://doi.org/10.2307/2528036
Cohen, J. (1983). The Cost of Dichotomization. Applied Psychological Measurement, 7(3), 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662168300700301
Cole, P., & MacMahon, B. (1971). Attributable risk percent in case-control studies. British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, 25(4), 242–244. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC478665/
Coppock, A. (n.d.). Power Calculator. Retrieved January 27, 2020, from https://egap.shinyapps.io/Power_Calculator/
Cornfield, J. (1951). A Method of Estimating Comparative Rates from Clinical Data. Applications to Cancer of the Lung, Breast, and Cervix. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 11(6), 1269–1275. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/11.6.1269
Cornfield, J., Haenszel, W., Hammond, E. C., Lilienfeld, A. M., Shimkin, M. B., & Wynder, E. L. (1959). Smoking and Lung Cancer: Recent Evidence and a Discussion of Some Questions. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 22(1), 173–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/22.1.173
Costanza, M. C. (1995). Matching. Preventive Medicine, 24(5), 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1995.1069
Cox, D. R. (1957). Note on Grouping. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 52(280), 543–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1957.10501411
Craig, S. L., & Feinstein, A. R. (1999). Antecedent Therapy Versus Detection Bias as Causes of Neoplastic Multimorbidity. American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22(1), 51. https://journals.lww.com/amjclinicaloncology/Abstract/1999/02000/Antecedent_Therapy_Versus_Detection_Bias_as_Causes.13.aspx
Creinin, M. D., & Chen, M. J. (2016). Medical abortion reporting of efficacy: The MARE guidelines. Contraception, 94(2), 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.013
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
Custer, B., Longstreth, W., Phillips, L. E., Koepsell, T. D., & Van Belle, G. (2006). Hormonal exposures and the risk of intracranial meningioma in women: A population-based case-control study. BMC Cancer, 6(1), 152. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-6-152
Dales, L. G., & Ury, H. K. (1978). An Improper Use of Statistical Significance Testing in Studying Covariables. International Journal of Epidemiology, 7(4), 373–376. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/7.4.373
Datamethods Discussion Forum. (2020). In Datamethods Discussion Forum. https://discourse.datamethods.org/
Davidson, R. A. (1986). Source of funding and outcome of clinical trials. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1(3), 155–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02602327
DB, R. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. John Wiley.
Devine, O. J., & Smith, J. M. (1998). Estimating sample size for epidemiologic studies: The impact of ignoring exposure measurement uncertainty. Statistics in Medicine, 17(12), 1375–1389. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980630)17:12<1375::AID-SIM857>3.0.CO;2-D
Docherty, M., & Smith, R. (1999). The case for structuring the discussion of scientific papers: Much the same as that for structuring abstracts. BMJ, 318(7193), 1224–1225. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7193.1224
Doll, R., Peto, R., Boreham, Jillian, & Sutherland, I. (1954). Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male british doctors. British Medical Journal, 328, 1519. https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7455/1519?ssource=mfc
Drescher, K., Timm, J., & Jöckel, K.-H. (1990). The design of case-control studies: The effect of confounding on sample size requirements. Statistics in Medicine, 9(7), 765–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780090706
Dreyer, N. A., Tunis, S. R., Berger, M., Ollendorf, D., Mattox, P., & Gliklich, R. (2010). Why Observational Studies Should Be Among The Tools Used In Comparative Effectiveness Research. Health Affairs, 29(10), 1818–1825. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0666
Dunn, N. R., Arscott, A., & Thorogood, M. (2001). The relationship between use of oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction in young women with fatal outcome, compared to those who survive: Results from the MICA case-control study. Contraception, 63(2), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00172-X
Dunne, M. P., Martin, N. G., Bailey, J. M., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A., & Statham, D. J. (1997). Participation bias in a sexuality survey: Psychological and behavioural characteristics of responders and non-responders. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26(4), 844–854. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/26.4.844
Ebrahim, S. (2004). Cohorts, infants and children. International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(6), 1165–1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh368
Egger, M., Jüni, P., Bartlett, C., & Group, for the C. (2001). Value of Flow Diagrams in Reports of Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA, 285(15), 1996–1999. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.15.1996
Egger, M., May, M., Chene, G., Phillips, A. N., Ledergerber, B., Dabis, F., Costagliola, D., D’Arminio Monforte, A., Wolf, F. de, Reiss, P., Lundgren, J. D., Justice, A. C., Staszewski, S., Leport, C., Hogg, R. S., Sabin, C. A., Gill, M. J., Salzberger, B., Sterne, J. A. C., & ART Cohort Collaboration. (2002). Prognosis of hiv 1 infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: A collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet, 360(9327), 119–129.
Eisner, M. D., Smith, A. K., & Blanc, P. D. (1998). Bartenders’ Respiratory Health After Establishment of Smoke-Free Bars and Taverns. JAMA, 280(22), 1909–1914. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.22.1909
Elm, E. von, Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gotzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & for the STROBE Initiative. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(8), 573. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010
Empana, J. P., Ducimetiere, P., Arveiler, D., Ferrieres, J., Evans, A., Ruidavets, J. B., Haas, B., Yarnell, J., Bingham, A., Amouyel, P., & Dallongeville, J. (2003). Are the Framingham and PROCAM coronary heart disease risk functions applicable to different European populations?The PRIME Study. European Heart Journal, 24(21), 1903–1911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2003.09.002
Ezzati, M., & Lopez, A. D. (2003). Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000. The Lancet, 362(9387), 847–852. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673603143383
Feinstein, A. R. (1985). Clinical epidemiology: The architecture of clinical research. W.B. Saunders.
Feinstein, A. R., Walter, S. D., & Horwitz, R. I. (1986). An analysis of Berkson’s bias in case-control studies. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 39(7), 495–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(86)90194-3
Field, N., Cohen, T., Struelens, M. J., Palm, D., Cookson, B., Glynn, J. R., Gallo, V., Ramsay, M., Sonnenberg, P., MacCannell, D., Charlett, A., Egger, M., Green, J., Vineis, P., & Abubakar, I. (2014). Strengthening the Reporting of Molecular Epidemiology for Infectious Diseases (STROME-ID): An extension of the STROBE statement. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 14(4), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70324-4
Fitchett, E. J. A., Seale, A. C., Vergnano, S., Sharland, M., Heath, P. T., Saha, S. K., Agarwal, R., Ayede, A. I., Bhutta, Z. A., Black, R., Bojang, K., Campbell, H., Cousens, S., Darmstadt, G. L., Madhi, S. A., Meulen, A. S.-t., Modi, N., Patterson, J., Qazi, S., … Lawn, J. E. (2016). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology for Newborn Infection (STROBE-NI): An extension of the STROBE statement for neonatal infection research. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16(10), e202–e213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30082-2
Forand, S. P. (2004). Leukaemia incidence among workers in the shoe and boot manufacturing industry: A case-control study. Environmental Health, 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15339334
Fuller, W. A., & Hidiroglou, M. A. (1978). Regression Estimation after Correcting for Attenuation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 73(361), 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1978.10480011
Funai, E. F., Rosenbush, E. J., Lee, M. J., & Del Priore G, null. (2001). Distribution of study designs in four major US journals of obstetrics and gynecology. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 51(1), 8–11. https://doi.org/52882
Fung, T. T., Malik, V., Rexrode, K. M., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2009). Sweetened beverage consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(4), 1037–1042. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27140
Gallo, V., Egger, M., McCormack, V., Farmer, P. B., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Kirsch-Volders, M., Matullo, G., Phillips, D. H., Schoket, B., Stromberg, U., Vermeulen, R., Wild, C., Porta, M., & Vineis, P. (2012). STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology Molecular Epidemiology (STROBE-ME): An extension of the STROBE statement. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 42(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02561.x
Galuska, D. A., Will, J. C., Serdula, M. K., & Ford, E. S. (1999). Are Health Care Professionals Advising Obese Patients to Lose Weight? JAMA, 282(16), 1576–1578. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.16.1576
Gamble, C., Krishan, A., Stocken, D., Lewis, S., Juszczak, E., Dore, C., Williamson, P. R., Altman, D. G., Montgomery, A., Lim, P., Berlin, J., Senn, S., Day, S., Barbachano, Y., & Loder, E. (2017). Guidelines for the Content of Statistical Analysis Plans in Clinical Trials. JAMA, 318(23), 2337–2343. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.18556
Gefeller, O., Pfahlberg, A., Brenner, H., & Windeler, J. (1998). An empirical investigation on matching in published case-control studies. European Journal of Epidemiology, 14(4), 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007497104800
Gissler, M., & Hemminki, E. (1996). The danger of overmatching in studies of the perinatal mortality and birthweight of infants born after assisted conception. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 69(2), 73–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-2115(95)02517-0
Goodman, K. J., O’Rourke, K., Day, R. S., Wang, C., Nurgalieva, Z., Phillips, C. V., Aragaki, C., Campos, A., & Rosa, J. M. de la. (2005). Dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection in a US Mexico cohort during the first two years of life. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(6), 1348–1355. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi152
Gotzsche, P. (2006). Believability of relative risks and odds ratios in abstracts: Cross sectional study. BMJ, 333, 231–234. https://www.bmj.com/content/333/7561/231?etoc%253E=
Greenberg, R., & Shuster, J. (1985). Epidemiology of cancer in children. Epidemiologic Reviews, 7, 22–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036284
Greenland, S. (1980). The effect of misclassification in the presence of covariates. American Journal of Epidemiology, 112(4), 564–569. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113025
Greenland, S. (1990). Randomization, statistics, and causal inference. In Epidemiology 1.
Greenland, S. (1995). Avoiding Power Loss Associated with Categorization and Ordinal Scores in Dose-Response and Trend Analysis. Epidemiology, 6(4), 450–454. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3702100
Greenland, S. (2003). The Impact of Prior Distributions for Uncontrolled Confounding and Response Bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 98(461), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1198/01621450338861905
Greenland, S., & Neutra, R. (1980). Control of Confounding in the Assessment of Medical Technology. International Journal of Epidemiology, 9(4), 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/9.4.361
Greenland, S., Senn, S. J., Rothman, K. J., Carlin, J. B., Poole, C., Goodman, S. N., & Altman, D. G. (2016). Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: A guide to misinterpretations. European Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 337–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0149-3
Hackam, D. G., Mamdani, M., Li, P., & Redelmeier, D. A. (2006). Statins and sepsis in patients with cardiovascular disease: A population-based cohort analysis. The Lancet, 367(9508), 413–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68041-0
Hallan, S., Mutsert, R. de, Carlsen, S., Dekker, F. W., Aasarød, K., & Holmen, J. (2006). Obesity, Smoking, and Physical Inactivity as Risk Factors for CKD: Are Men More Vulnerable? American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 47(3), 396–405. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.11.027
Harper, S. (2019). A Future for Observational Epidemiology: Clarity, Credibility, Transparency. American Journal of Epidemiology, 188(5), 840–845. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy280
Hartley, J., & Sydes, M. (1996). Which layout do you prefer? An analysis of readers’ preferences for different typographic layouts of structured abstracts. Journal of Information Science, 22(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159602200103
Hawwash, D., Sharp, M. K., Argaw, A., Kolsteren, P., & Lachat, C. (2019). Usefulness of applying research reporting guidelines as Writing Aid software: A crossover randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030943
Hay, A. D., Wilson, A., Fahey, T., & Peters, T. J. (2003). The duration of acute cough in pre-school children presenting to primary care: A prospective cohort study. Family Practice, 20(6), 696–705. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmg613
Haynes, R. B. (1990). More Informative Abstracts Revisited. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-113-1-69
Hemkens, L. G., Ewald, H., Naudet, F., Ladanie, A., Shaw, J. G., Sajeev, G., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2018). Interpretation of epidemiologic studies very often lacked adequate consideration of confounding. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 93, 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.09.013
Hepworth, S. J., Schoemaker, M. J., Muir, K. R., Swerdlow, A. J., Tongeren, M. J. A. van, & McKinney, P. A. (2006). Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in adults: Case-control study. BMJ, 332(7546), 883–887. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38720.687975.55
Hess, D. R. (2004). How to write an effective discussion. Respiratory Care, 49(10), 1238–1241. http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/49/10/1238
Hill, B. (1965). The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proc R Soc Med, 58, 295–300. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0141076814562718
Horby, P. W., Laurie, K. L., Cowling, B. J., Engelhardt, O. G., Sturm-Ramirez, K., Sanchez, J. L., Katz, J. M., Uyeki, T. M., Wood, J., Van Kerkhove, M. D., & the CONSISE Steering Committee. (2017). CONSISE statement on the reporting of Seroepidemiologic Studies for influenza (ROSES-I statement): An extension of the STROBE statement. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 11(1), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12411
Hornell, A., Berg, C., Forsum, E., Larsson, C., Sonestedt, E., Åkesson, A., Lachat, C., Hawwash, D., Kolsteren, P., Byrnes, G., Keyzer, W. D., Camp, J. V., Cade, J. E., Greenwood, D. C., Slimani, N., Cevallos, M., Egger, M., Huybrechts, I., & Wirfält, E. (2017). Perspective: An Extension of the STROBE Statement for Observational Studies in Nutritional Epidemiology (STROBE-nut): Explanation and Elaboration. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 8(5), 652–678. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.117.015941
Horton, R. (2002). The Hidden Research Paper. JAMA, 287(21), 2775–2778. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.21.2775
Hosmer, D. W., Taber, S., & Lemeshow, S. (1991). The importance of assessing the fit of logistic regression models: A case study. American Journal of Public Health, 81(12), 1630–1635. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.81.12.1630
Huss, A., Egger, M., Hug, K., Huwiler-Muntener, K., & Röösli, M. (2007). Source of funding and results of studies of health effects of mobile phone use: Systematic review of experimental studies. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9149
Ibrahim, J. G., & Molenberghs, G. (2009). Missing data methods in longitudinal studies: A review. Test, 18(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11749-009-0138-x
Il’yasova, D., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Peters, U., Berlin, J. A., & Poole, C. (2005). Choice of exposure scores for categorical regression in meta-analysis: A case study of a common problem. Cancer Causes & Control, 16(4), 383–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-004-5025-x
Internal Medicine, A. of. (2007). Information for authors. http://www.annals.org/shared/author_info.html
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. (1997). Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. In N Engl J Med (Vol. 336, pp. 309–315). http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/
Irani, M., Hassanzadeh Bashtian, M., Khadivzadeh, T., Ebrahimipour, H., & Asghari Nekah, S. M. (2018). Weaknesses in the Reporting of Cross-sectional Studies in Accordance with the STROBE Report (The Case of Congenital Anomaly among Infants in Iran): A Review Article. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 47(12), 1796–1804. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6379628/
Jeelani, A., Malik, W., Haq, I., Aleem, S., Mujtaba, M., & Syed, N. (2014). Cross-Sectional Studies Published in Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Evaluation of Adherence to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Statement. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 4(6), 875–878. https://doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.144889
Jick, H., & Vessey, M. P. (1978). CASE-CONTROL STUDIES IN THE EVALUATION OF DRUG-INDUCED ILLNESS. American Journal of Epidemiology, 107(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112502
Johannes, C. B., Crawford, S. L., & McKinlay, J. B. (1997). Interviewer Effects in a Cohort StudyResults from the Massachusetts Women’s Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 146(5), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009296
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. (2020). Fundamentals of Epidemiology I : Lecture Materials. In JHSPHOPEN coursewear. http://ocw.jhsph.edu/index.cfm/go/viewCourse/course/FundEpi/coursePage/lectureNotes/
Johnson, E. S. (1990). Bias on Withdrawing Lost Subjects from the Analysis at the Time of Loss, in Cohort Mortality Studies, and in Follow-Up Methods: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 32(3), 250–254. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199003000-00013
Justice, A. C. (1999). Assessing the Generalizability of Prognostic Information. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130(6), 515. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00016
Kaufman, J. S., Cooper, R. S., & McGee, D. L. (1997). Socioeconomic status and health in blacks and whites: The problem of residual confounding and the resiliency of race. Epidemiology, 8(6), 621–628. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3702653
Kemmeren, J. M., Algra, A., Meijers, J. C. M., Tans, G., Bouma, B. N., Curvers, J., Rosing, J., & Grobbee, D. E. (2004). Effect of second- and third-generation oral contraceptives on the protein C system in the absence or presence of the factor VLeiden mutation: A randomized trial. Blood, 103(3), 927–933. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-04-1285
Keyes, K. M., & Galea, S. (2014). Current Practices in Teaching Introductory Epidemiology: How We Got Here, Where to Go. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180(7), 661–668. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu219
KF, S., & DA, G. (n.d.). Sample size calculations in randomised trials: Mandatory and mystical. The Lancet, 365, 1348–1353. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673605610343
Kim, M. R., Kim, M. Y., Kim, S. Y., Hwang, I. H., & Yoon, Y. J. (2012). The Quality of Reporting of Cohort, Case-Control Studies in the Korean Journal of Family Medicine. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 33(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2012.33.2.79
Knol, M. J., Egger, M., Scott, P., Geerlings, M. I., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2009). When One Depends on the Other: Reporting of Interaction in Case-Control and Cohort Studies. Epidemiology, 20(2), 161. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818f6651
Krimsky, S., & Rothenberg, L. S. (2001). Conflict of interest policies in science and medical journals: Editorial practices and author disclosures. Science and Engineering Ethics, 7(2), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-001-0041-7
Kushi, L. H., Mink, P. J., Folsom, A. R., Anderson, K. E., Zheng, W., Lazovich, D., & Sellers, T. A. (1999). Prospective Study of Diet and Ovarian Cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 149(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009723
Kyzas, P. A., Loizou, K. T., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Selective Reporting Biases in Cancer Prognostic Factor Studies. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97(14), 1043–1055. https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/97/14/1043/2521306
Lachat, C. (2019). Contribute to carllachat/WritingAidTool development by creating an account on GitHub. https://github.com/carllachat/WritingAidTool
original-date: 2019-02-07T17:29:24Z
Lachat, C., Hawwash, D., Ocké, M. C., Berg, C., Forsum, E., Hörnell, A., Larsson, C., Sonestedt, E., Wirfält, E., Åkesson, A., Kolsteren, P., Byrnes, G., De Keyzer, W., Van Camp, J., Cade, J. E., Slimani, N., Cevallos, M., Egger, M., & Huybrechts, I. (2016). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology—Nutritional Epidemiology (STROBE-nut): An Extension of the STROBE Statement. PLOS Medicine, 13(6), e1002036. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002036
Langan, S., Schmitt, J., Coenraads, P.-J., Svensson, A., Elm, E. von, & Williams, H. (2010). The Reporting of Observational Research Studies in Dermatology Journals: A Literature-Based Study. Archives of Dermatology, 146(5), 534–541. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2010.87
Langholz, B. (2001). Factors that explain the power line configuration wiring code–childhood leukemia association: What would they look like? Bioelectromagnetics, 22(S5), S19–S31. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-186X(2001)22:5+<::AID-BEM1021>3.0.CO;2-I
Lash, T. L., & Fink, A. K. (2003). Semi-Automated Sensitivity Analysis to Assess Systematic Errors in Observational Data. Epidemiology, 14(4), 451–458. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3703797
Last, J. (2000). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press.
Lee, G. M., Neutra, R. R., Hristova, L., Yost, M., & Hiatt, R. A. (2002). A Nested Case-Control Study of Residential and Personal Magnetic Field Measures and Miscarriages. Epidemiology, 13(1), 21–31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3703243
Lesko, C. R., Edwards, J. K., Cole, S. R., Moore, R. D., & Lau, B. (2018). When to Censor? American Journal of Epidemiology, 187(3), 623–632. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx281
Lexchin, J., Bero, L. A., Djulbegovic, B., & Clark, O. (2003). Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: Systematic review. BMJ, 326(7400), 1167–1170. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1167
Ligthelm, R. J., Borza, V., Gumprecht, J., Kawamori, R., Wenying, Y., & Valensi, P. (2007). Importance of observational studies in clinical practice. Clinical Therapeutics, 29 Spec No, 1284–1292.
Lilienfeld, A. (1976). Foundations of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press.
Linn, S., Levi, L., Grunau, P. D., Zaidise, I., & Zarka, S. (2007). Effect Measure Modification and Confounding of Severe Head Injury Mortality by Age and Multiple Organ Injury Severity. Annals of Epidemiology, 17(2), 142–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.08.004
Lipsitz, S. R., Ibrahim, J. G., Chen, M.-H., & Peterson, H. (1999). Non-ignorable missing covariates in generalized linear models. Statistics in Medicine, 18(17-18), 2435–2448. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990915/30)18:17/18<2435::AID-SIM267>3.0.CO;2-B
Little, J., Higgins, J. P. T., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Moher, D., Gagnon, F., Elm, E. von, Khoury, M. J., Cohen, B., Davey-Smith, G., Grimshaw, J., Scheet, P., Gwinn, M., Williamson, R. E., Zou, G. Y., Hutchings, K., Johnson, C. Y., Tait, V., Wiens, M., Golding, J., … Birkett, N. (2009). STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA)— An Extension of the STROBE Statement. PLOS Med, 6(2), e1000022. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000022
Little, R., & Rubin, D. (2002). A taxonomy of missing-data methods (chapter 1.4). In Statistical analysis with missing data (pp. 19–23). Wiley.
Lohr, S. (1999). Design effects (chapter 7.5). In Sampling: Design and analysis. Duxbury Press.
Lohse, N., Hansen, A.-B. E., Pedersen, G., Kronborg, G., Gerstoft, J., Sørensen, H. T., Væth, M., & Obel, N. (2007). Survival of Persons with and without HIV Infection in Denmark, 1995–2005. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(2), 87. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-2-200701160-00003
Lukanova, A., Söderberg, S., Kaaks, R., Jellum, E., & Stattin, P. (2006). Serum Adiponectin is not Associated with Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15, 401–402.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (2002). Sample Size in Factor Analysis. Psychol Methods, 7, 19–40.
MacCallum, R., zhang, S., preacher, K., & rucker, D. (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychol Methods, 19–40.
MacMahon, B., & Trichopoulos, D. (1996). Epidemiology, principles and methods (2nd edition). Brown Little.
MacMahon, S., Peto, R., Collins, R., Godwin, J., MacMahon, S., Cutler, J., Sorlie, P., Abbott, R., Collins, R., Neaton, J., Abbott, R., Dyer, A., & Stamler, J. (1990). Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease: Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: Prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. The Lancet, 335(8692), 765–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)90878-9
Maldonado, G., & Greenland, S. (1993). Simulation Study of Confounder-Selection Strategies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 138(11), 923–936. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813
Maldonado, G., & Poole, C. (1999). More research is needed. Annals of Epidemiology, 9(1), 17–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1047-2797(98)00050-7
Mansournia, M. A., Etminan, M., Danaei, G., Kaufman, J. S., & Collins, G. (2017). Handling time varying confounding in observational research. BMJ, 359. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4587
Martinelli, I., Taioli, E., Battaglioli, T., Podda, G. M., Passamonti, S. M., Pedotti, P., & Mannucci, P. M. (2003). Risk of Venous Thromboembolism After Air Travel: Interaction With Thrombophilia and Oral Contraceptives. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(22), 2771–2774. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.22.2771
McCauley, J. (1995). The Battering syndrome: Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Domestic Violence in Primary Care Internal Medicine Practices. Annals of Internal Medicine, 123(10), 737. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-123-10-199511150-00001
McEvoy, S. P., Stevenson, M. R., McCartt, A. T., Woodward, M., Haworth, C., Palamara, P., & Cercarelli, R. (2005). Role of mobile phones in motor vehicle crashes resulting in hospital attendance: A case-crossover study. BMJ, 331(7514), 428. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38537.397512.55
Melander, H., Ahlqvist-Rastad, J., Meijer, G., & Beermann, B. (2003). Evidence b(i)ased medicine—selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry: Review of studies in new drug applications. BMJ, 326(7400), 1171–1173. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1171
Metzkor-Cotter, E., Kletter, Y., Avidor, B., Varon, M., Golan, Y., Ephros, M., & Giladi, M. (2003). Long-Term Serological Analysis and Clinical Follow-Up of Patients with Cat Scratch Disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37(9), 1149–1154. https://doi.org/10.1086/378738
Moher, D. (1998). CONSORT: An Evolving Tool to Help Improve the Quality of Reports of Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA, 279(18), 1489–1491. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.18.1489
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2001). The CONSORT statement: Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. The Lancet, 357(9263), 1191–1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04337-3
Morton, L. M., Cahill, J., & Hartge, P. (2006). Reporting Participation in Epidemiologic Studies: A Survey of Practice. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163(3), 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj036
Murphy, E. (1976). The logic of medicine. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Müllner, M., Matthews, H., & Altman, D. G. (2002). Reporting on Statistical Methods To Adjust for Confounding: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(2), 122. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-2-200201150-00009
Nakayama, T., Zaman, M. M., & Tanaka, H. (1998). Reporting of attributable and relative risks, 1966-97. The Lancet, 351(9110), 1179. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)79123-6/abstract
O’Connor, A. M., Sargeant, J. M., Dohoo, I. R., Erb, H. N., Cevallos, M., Egger, M., Ersbøll, A. K., Martin, S. W., Nielsen, L. R., Pearl, D. L., Pfeiffer, D. U., Sanchez, J., Torrence, M. E., Vigre, H., Waldner, C., & Ward, M. P. (2016). Explanation and Elaboration Document for the STROBE-Vet Statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology – Veterinary Extension. Zoonoses and Public Health, 63(8), 662–698. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12315
Olsen, J., & Basso, O. (1999). Re: Residual confounding. American Journal of Epidemiology, 149(290).
Olson, Sara H, Voigt, LF, Beg, CB, & Weiss, N. (2001). Reporting participation in case-control studies: Changes over time. Am J Epidemiol, 154, 574–581. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297#
Olson, Sara H, Voigt, LF, Beg, CB, & Weiss, N. (2002). Reporting participation in case-control studies. Epidemiology, 13, 123–126.
Papathanasiou, A. A., & Zintzaras, E. (2010). Assessing the Quality of Reporting of Observational Studies in Cancer. Annals of Epidemiology, 20(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.09.007
Pasquale, L. R., Kang, J. H., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., Rosner, B. A., & Hankinson, S. E. (2006). Prospective Study of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in Women. Ophthalmology, 113(7), 1081–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.01.066
Pearce, N. (1993). What Does the Odds Ratio Estimate in a Case-Control Study? International Journal of Epidemiology, 22(6), 1189–1192. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/22.6.1189
Perneger, T. V., & Hudelson, P. M. (2004). Writing a research article: Advice to beginners. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 16(3), 191–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzh053
Phillips, A. N., & Smith, G. D. (1991). How independent are "independent" effects? Relative risk estimation when correlated exposures are measured imprecisely. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 44(11), 1223–1231. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0895435691901553
Phillips, A. N., & Smith, G. D. (1992). Bias in relative odds estimation owing to imprecise measurement of correlated exposures. Statistics in Medicine, 11(7), 953–961. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780110712
Phillips, C. V. (2001). The economics of ’more research is needed’. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(4), 771–776. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.4.771
Phillips, C. V. (2003). Quantifying and Reporting Uncertainty from Systematic Errors. Epidemiology, 14(4), 459–466. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3703798
Phillips, M. R., Yang, G., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Ji, H., & Zhou, M. (2002). Risk factors for suicide in China: A national case-control psychological autopsy study. The Lancet, 360(9347), 1728–1736. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11681-3
Pocock, S. J., Clayton, T. C., & Altman, D. G. (2002). Survival plots of time-to-event outcomes in clinical trials: Good practice and pitfalls. The Lancet, 359(9318), 1686–1689. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067360208594X
Pocock, S. J., Collier, T. J., Dandreo, K. J., Stavola, B. L. de, Goldman, M. B., Kalish, L. A., Kasten, L. E., & McCormack, V. A. (2004). Issues in the reporting of epidemiological studies: A survey of recent practice. The BMJ, 329(7471), 883. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38250.571088.55
Poole, C., Peters, U., Il’yasova, D., & Arab, L. (2003). Commentary: This study failed? International Journal of Epidemiology, 32(4), 534–535. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg197
Poorolajal J, Cheraghi Z, Irani Ad, & Rezaeian S. (2011). Quality of Cohort Studies Reporting Post the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement. Epidemiology and Health, Epidemiology and Health, 33, 33, e2011005–e2011005. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2011005, 10.4178/epih/e2011005
Qiu, C., Fratiglioni, L., Karp, A., Winblad, B., & Bellander, T. (2004). Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease. Epidemiology, 15(6), 687–694. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20485976
Ridker, P. M., Hennekens, C. H., Lindpaintner, K., Stampfer, M. J., Eisenberg, P. R., & Miletich, J. P. (1995). Mutation in the Gene Coding for Coagulation Factor V and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Venous Thrombosis in Apparently Healthy Men. New England Journal of Medicine, 332(14), 912–917. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199504063321403
Rigby, A. S., & Vail, A. (1998). Statistical methods in epidemiology. II: A commonsense approach to sample size estimation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 20(11), 405–410. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638289809166102
Robins, J. M. (2001). Data, Design, and Background Knowledge in Etiologic Inference. Epidemiology, 12(3), 313–320. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3703708
Rockhill, B., Newman, B., & Weinberg, C. (1998). Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. American Journal of Public Health, 88(1), 15–19. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.88.1.15
Rodrigues, L., & Kirkwood, B. R. (1990). Case-Control Designs in the Study of Common Diseases: Updates on the Demise of the Rare Disease Assumption and the Choice of Sampling Scheme for Controls. International Journal of Epidemiology, 19(1), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/19.1.205
Rogler, L. H., Mroczek, D. K., Fellows, M., & Loftus, S. T. (2001). The Neglect of Response Bias in Mental Health Research. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(3), 182. https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Abstract/2001/03000/The_Neglect_of_Response_Bias_in_Mental_Health.7.aspx
Rose, G. (2001). Sick individuals and sick populations. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(3), 427–432. https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/30/3/427/736897
Rothman, K. (1998). Types of Epidemiologic Studies. In Modern epidemiology (2nd ed., pp. 74–75). Lippincott Raven.
Rothman, K. (2002). An introduction. In Epidemiology (pp. 168–180). Oxford University Press.
Rothman, K., & Greenland, S. (1998a). Basic methods for sensitivity analysis and external adjustment. In Modern epidemiology (2nd ed., pp. 120–125). Lippincott Raven.
Rothman, K., & Greenland, S. (1998b). Measures of disease frequency. In Modern epidemiology (2nd ed., pp. 44–45). Lippincott Raven.
Rothman, K., & Greenland, S. (1998c). Precision and validity in epidemiologic studies. In Modern epidemiology (2nd ed., pp. 120–125). Lippincott Raven.
Rothman, K. J. (1990). No Adjustments Are Needed for Multiple Comparisons. Epidemiology, 1(1), 43–46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20065622
Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Walker, A. M. (1980). Concepts of interaction. American Journal of Epidemiology, 112(4), 467–470. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113015
Rothman, K. J., Lash, T. L., & Greenland, S. (1998a). Interactions between causes. In Modern Epidemiology (pp. 147–161). Little Brown.
Rothman, K. J., Lash, T. L., & Greenland, S. (1998b). Matching. In Modern Epidemiology (2nd ed., pp. 147–161). LWW.
Rotnitzky, A., & Robins, J. (1997). Analysis of Semi-Parametric Regression Models with Non-Ignorable Non-Response. Statistics in Medicine, 16(1), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19970115)16:1<81::AID-SIM473>3.0.CO;2-0
Royston, P., Altman, D. G., & Sauerbrei, W. (2006). Dichotomizing continuous predictors in multiple regression: A bad idea. Statistics in Medicine, 25(1), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2331
Royston, P., Ambler, G., & Sauerbrei, W. (1999). The use of fractional polynomials to model continuous risk variables in epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology, 28(5), 964–974. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/28.5.964
Rubin, D. B. (1976). Inference and missing data. Biometrika, 63(3), 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/63.3.581
S, G. (n.d.-a). Applications of stratified analysis methods. In Modern Epidemiology (2nd ed., pp. 295–297). Lippincott Raven.
S, G. (n.d.-b). Introduction to regression modelling (chapter 21)). In Modern Epidemiology (2nd ed., pp. 401–432). Lippincott Raven.
Sackett, D. L. (1979). BIAS IN ANALYTIC RESEARCH. In M. A. Ibrahim (Ed.), The Case-Control Study Consensus and Controversy (pp. 51–63). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-024907-0.50013-4
Safer, D. J. (2002). DESIGN AND REPORTING MODIFICATIONS IN INDUSTRY-SPONSORED COMPARATIVE PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY TRIALS. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(9), 583. https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Abstract/2002/09000/DESIGN_AND_REPORTING_MODIFICATIONS_IN.2.aspx
Sagiv, S. K., Tolbert, P. E., Altshul, L. M., & Korrick, S. A. (2007). Organochlorine Exposures during Pregnancy and Infant Size at Birth. Epidemiology, 18(1), 120–129. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20486327
Sandler, D. P. (2002). On Revealing What we’d Rather Hide: The Problem of Describing Study Participation. Epidemiology, 13(2), 117. https://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2002/03000/On_Revealing_What_We_d_Rather_Hide__The_Problem_of.1.aspx
Saracci, R. (1980). INTERACTION AND SYNERGISM. American Journal of Epidemiology, 112(4), 465–466. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113014
Sasieni, P. (1992). A note on the presentation of matched case-control data. Statistics in Medicine, 11(5), 617–620. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780110506
Scales, C. D., Norris, R. D., Peterson, B. L., Preminger, G. M., & Dahm, P. (2005). Clinical research and statistical methods in the urology literature. The Journal of Urology, 174(4 Pt 1), 1374–1379.
Schafer, J. (1997). Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. Chapman & Hall.
Scherer, R. W., Langenberg, P., & Elm, E. von. (2007). Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, MR000005. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000005.pub3
Schlesselman, J. (1982). Logistic regression of case-control studies (chapter 8.2). In Case-control studies design, conduct, analysis (pp. 235–241). Oxford University Press.
Schulz, J. (2002). Case-control studies: Research in reverse. Lancet, 359, 431–434. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673602076055
Schulz, J. (2003). Non-response bias as a likely cause of the association between young maternal age at the time of delivery and the risk of cancer in the offspring. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 17(1), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3016.2003.00460.x
Schulz, J., Kaatsch, P., Kaletsch, U., Meinert, R., & Michaelis, J. (1999). Association of childhood cancer with factors related to pregnancy and birth. International Journal of Epidemiology, 28(4), 631–639. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/28.4.631
Schwartz, L. M., Woloshin, S., Dvorin, E. L., & Welch, H. G. (2006). Ratio measures in leading medical journals: Structured review of accessibility of underlying absolute risks. BMJ, 333(7581), 1248. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38985.564317.7C
Sharp, M. K., Hren, D., & Altman, D. G. (2018). The STROBE Extensions: Considerations for Development. Epidemiology, 29(6). https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000899
Shrier, I., & Platt, R. W. (2008). Reducing bias through directed acyclic graphs. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-70
Slama, R., & Werwatz, A. (2005). Controlling for continuous confounding factors: Non- and semiparametric approaches. Revue d’Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique, 53, 65–80. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0398762005847698
Slattery, M. L., Edwards, S. L., Caan, B. J., Kerber, R. A., & Potter, J. D. (1995). Response rates among control subjects in case-control studies. Annals of Epidemiology, 5(3), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/1047-2797(94)00113-8
Smeden, M. van, Lash, T. L., & Groenwold, R. H. H. (2019). Reflection on modern methods: Five myths about measurement error in epidemiological research. International Journal of Epidemiology, dyz251. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz251
Smeden, M. van, Moons, K. G., Groot, J. A. de, Collins, G. S., Altman, D. G., Eijkemans, M. J., & Reitsma, J. B. (2018). Sample size for binary logistic prediction models: Beyond events per variable criteria. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 0962280218784726. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280218784726
Smeeth, L., Cook, C., Fombonne, E., Heavey, L., Rodrigues, L. C., Smith, P. G., & Hall, A. J. (2004). MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: A case-control study. The Lancet, 364(9438), 963–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17020-7
Smith, G. D., & Phillips, A. (1990). Declaring independence: Why we should be cautious. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 44(4), 257–258. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1060665/
Song, J. W., & Chung, K. C. (2010). Observational Studies: Cohort and Case-Control Studies. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 126(6), 2234–2242. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f44abc
Spearman, C. (1904). The proof and measurement of association between two things. Am J Psychol, 15, 72–101. http://doi.org/10.1037/11491-005
Stack Overflow - Where Developers Learn, Share, & Build Careers. (2020). In Stack Overflow. https://stackoverflow.com/
Stroup, D. F., Berlin, J. A., Morton, S. C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G. D., Rennie, D., Moher, D., Becker, B. J., Sipe, T. A., Thacker, S. B., & Epidemiology (MOOSE) Group, for the M.-a. O. O. S. in. (2000). Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology: A Proposal for Reporting. JAMA, 283(15), 2008–2012. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.15.2008
Students 4 Best Evidence. (2018). A beginner’s guide to confounding. In Students 4 Best Evidence. https://www.students4bestevidence.net/blog/2018/10/01/a-beginners-guide-to-confounding/
Stürmer, T., & Brenner, H. (2002). Flexible Matching Strategies to Increase Power and Efficiency to Detect and Estimate Gene-Environment Interactions in Case-Control Studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(7), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/155.7.593
Szklo, M., & Nieto, J. (2000). Communicating results of epidemiologic studies (chapter 9). In Epidemiology, Beyond the Basics (pp. 408–430). Jones; Bartlett.
Tabues, G. (1995). Epidemiology faces its limits. Science, 269, 164–169. https://search.proquest.com/openview/a57c6f7c863db0787bf3ee25df2cdeae/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1256
Tacconelli, E., Cataldo, M. A., Paul, M., Leibovici, L., Kluytmans, J., Schröder, W., Foschi, F., Angelis, G. D., Waure, C. D., Cadeddu, C., Mutters, N. T., Gastmeier, P., & Cookson, B. (2016). STROBE-AMS: Recommendations to optimise reporting of epidemiological studies on antimicrobial resistance and informing improvement in antimicrobial stewardship. BMJ Open, 6(2), e010134. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010134
Taddio, A., Pain, T., Fassos, F. F., Boon, H., Ilersich, A. L., & Einarson, T. R. (1994). Quality of nonstructured and structured abstracts of original research articles in the British Medical Journal, the Canadian Medical Association Journal and the Journal of the American Medical Association. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 150(10), 1611–1615. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1336964/
Temple, R. (1999). Meta-analysis and Epidemiologic Studies in Drug Development and Postmarketing Surveillance. JAMA, 281(9), 841–844. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.9.841
Tibshirani, R. (1982). A plain man’s guide to the proportional hazards model. Clin Invest Med, 5, 63–68. http://statweb.stanford.edu/~tibs/ftp/plain.pdf
Tiihonen, J., Walhbeck, K., Lonnqvist, J., Klaukka, T., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Volavka, J., & Haukka, J. (2006). Effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of patients in community care after first hospitalisation due to schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: Observational follow-up study. BMJ : British Medical Journal, 333(7561), 224. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38881.382755.2F
Tooth, L., Ware, R., Bain, C., Purdie, D. M., & Dobson, A. (2005). Quality of Reporting of Observational Longitudinal Research. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161(3), 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi042
Trichopolous, D. (Ed.). (2010). Teaching epidemiology: A guide for teachers in epidemiology, public health and clinical medicine. Oxford University Press. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Teaching-Epidemiology-Teachers-Clinical-Medicine/dp/0199239479
Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Kuulasmaa, K., Mahonen, M., Tolonen, H., & Ruokokoski, E. (1999). Contribution of trends in survival and coronar y-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA Project populations. The Lancet, 353(9164), 1547–1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04021-0
Uter, W., & Pfahlberg, A. (2001). The application of methods to quantify attributable risk in medical practice. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 10(3), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/096228020101000305
Vach, W., & Blettner, M. (1991). Biased Estimation of the Odds Ratio in Case-Control Studies due to the Use of Ad Hoc Methods of Correcting for Missing Values for Confounding Variables. American Journal of Epidemiology, 134(8), 895–907. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116164
Vandenbroucke, J. P., Elm, E. von, Altman, D. G., Gotzsche, P. C., Mulrow, C. D., Pocock, S. J., Poole, C., Schlesselman, J. J., & Egger, M. (2007). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration. Epidemiology, 18(6), 805–835. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181577511
Vandenbroucke, J. P., Koster, T., Rosendaal, F. R., Briet, E., Reitsma, P. H., & Bertina, R. M. (1994). Increased risk of venous thrombosis in oral-contraceptive users who are carriers of factor vleiden mutation. The Lancet, 344(8935), 1453–1457. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673694902860
VanderWeele, T. J. (2019). Principles of confounder selection. European Journal of Epidemiology, 34(3), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00494-6
Viner, R. M., & Cole, T. J. (2005). Adult socioeconomic, educational, social, and psychological outcomes of childhood obesity: A national birth cohort study. BMJ, 330(7504), 1354. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38453.422049.E0
Wakefield, M. A., Chaloupka, F. J., Kaufman, N. J., Orleans, C. T., Barker, D. C., & Ruel, E. E. (2000). Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: Cross sectional study. BMJ, 321(7257), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7257.333
Walker, M., Whincup, P., & Shaper, A. (2004). The British Regional Heart Study 1975-2004. 33, 1185–1192.
Ware, J. H. (2009). Interpreting Incomplete Data in Studies of Diet and Weight Loss. Http://Dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe030054. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe030054
WD, T. (1994). Statistical analysis of case-control studies. - Abstract - Europe PMC. In Epidemiol Rev. https://europepmc.org/article/med/7925726
White, R. G., Hakim, A. J., Salganik, M. J., Spiller, M. W., Johnston, L. G., Kerr, L., Kendall, C., Drake, A., Wilson, D., Orroth, K., Egger, M., & Hladik, W. (2015). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology for respondent-driven sampling studies: "STROBE-RDS" statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(12), 1463–1471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.002
Winkelmayer, W., Stampfer, MJ, Willett, WC, & Curhan, G. (2005). Habitual caffeine intake and the risk of hypertension in women. JAMA, 294, 2330–2335.
Winkleby, M. A., Kraemer, H. C., Ahn, D. K., & Varady, A. N. (1998). Ethnic and Socioeconomic Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Findings for Women From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. JAMA, 280(4), 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.4.356
World Health Organization. (2020). Body mass index (bmi). www.euro.who.ant/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/a-healthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi
Yadon, Z. E., Rodrigues, L. C., Davies, C. R., & Quigley, M. A. (2003). Indoor and peridomestic transmission of american cutaneous leishmaniasis in northwestern argentina: A retrospective case-control study. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68(5), 519–526. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.519
Zavada, J., Dixon, W. G., & Askling, J. (2014). Launch of a checklist for reporting longitudinal observational drug studies in rheumatology: A EULAR extension of STROBE guidelines based on experience from biologics registries. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 73(3), 628. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204102
Zhao, L. P., & Kolonel, L. N. (1992). Efficiency Loss from Categorizing Quantitative Exposures into Qualitative Exposures in Case-Control Studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 136(4), 464–474. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116520
References
Boston University School of Public Health. (n.d.). MPH Online Learning Modules. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/Menu/index.html
Datamethods Discussion Forum. (2020). In Datamethods Discussion Forum. https://discourse.datamethods.org/
Hawwash, D., Sharp, M. K., Argaw, A., Kolsteren, P., & Lachat, C. (2019). Usefulness of applying research reporting guidelines as Writing Aid software: A crossover randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030943
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. (2020). Fundamentals of Epidemiology I : Lecture Materials. In JHSPHOPEN coursewear. http://ocw.jhsph.edu/index.cfm/go/viewCourse/course/FundEpi/coursePage/lectureNotes/
Keyes, K. M., & Galea, S. (2014). Current Practices in Teaching Introductory Epidemiology: How We Got Here, Where to Go. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180(7), 661–668. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu219
Lachat, C. (2019). Contribute to carllachat/WritingAidTool development by creating an account on GitHub. https://github.com/carllachat/WritingAidTool
original-date: 2019-02-07T17:29:24Z
Perneger, T. V., & Hudelson, P. M. (2004). Writing a research article: Advice to beginners. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 16(3), 191–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzh053
Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Stack Overflow - Where Developers Learn, Share, & Build Careers. (2020). In Stack Overflow. https://stackoverflow.com/
Trichopolous, D. (Ed.). (2010). Teaching epidemiology: A guide for teachers in epidemiology, public health and clinical medicine. Oxford University Press. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Teaching-Epidemiology-Teachers-Clinical-Medicine/dp/0199239479