第 3 章写作

2019-04-03

3.1 summarize written text (SWT)

给一段不超过300词的学术段落，有10分钟时间将其总结成为一个单句。
- 一个单句，只有一个句号，5-75字，50字以内为佳。
语法：语法正确即可，不需要高难语法。
如何找重点：
- 始终要问自己的一个问题：What is the passage mainly about?
  - 这个问题的答案就是几个关键词。
- 首段第一句&每段中心句&结论
- 转折词
- 顺序、时间词
去从句
去例子
同义词替换，不替换中心名词
连词串联内容
最后，如果写完了发现limit超过了，拿形容词等「修饰」内容开刀。

3.1.1 SWT模版

总体来说，文本可能含有以下的一些逻辑关系，模板实际上就是每段话找出一句核心内容点，然后用连接词连接。

因果关系
- Because, 一般来说之前不加逗号
- Since
- So 不能简单把so替换成therefore或者thus，so是连接词，therefore和thus都是副词
转折关系
- But 不能把but替换成however，however不是连接词
- Although/though
并列关系
- And 作为两个分句的连接词时，前面要加逗号
- 分号可以连接任意两个分句
目的性关系
- In order to
描述性关系
- When
- While
- Where
- Which
- That
- 双逗号，解释说明
举例
- such as后面都是接名词或者动名词

3.1.2 SWT练习

When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola during his first transatlantic voyage in the year A.D. 1492, the island had already been selected by Native Americans for about 5,000 years. The occupants in Columbus’s time were a group of Arawak Indians called Tainos who lived by farming, were organized into five chiefdoms, and numbered around half a million (the estimates range from 100,000 to 2000,000). Columbus initially found them peaceful and friendly, until he and his Spaniards began mistreating them.

Unfortunately for the Tainos, they had gold, which the Spanish coveted but didn’t want to go to the work of mining themselves. Hence the conquerors divided up the island and its Indian population among individual Spaniards, who put the Indians to work as virtual Slaves, accidentally infected them with Eurasian diseases, and murdered them. By the year 1519, 27 years after Columbus’s arrival, that original population of half a million had been reduced to about 11,000, most of whom died that year of small pox to bring the population down to 3,000 and those survivors gradually died out or became assimilated within the next few decades. That forced the Spaniards to look elsewhere for slave laborers.

Columbus and other Spanish conquerors enslaved the Native Americans for their gold, and infected them with smallpox, thus leading to a great decrease in population, and the Spaniards turned to elsewhere for slavery.

Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home. These jobs are a normal part of family life. Paying children to do extra work around the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understanding of how a business works. Allowances give children a chance to experience the things they can do with money. They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save and maybe even invest it. Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for the future. Requiring children to save part of their allowance can also open the door to future saving and investing. Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal finance. A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest. Compounding works by paying interest on interest. So, for example, one dollar invested at two percent interest for two years will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot. But over time it adds up.

Children allowance for extra work can be useful, which lets them know how a business works and experience the things they can do with money, and saving part of the allowance can benefit future saving and investing.

By far the most popular and most consumed drink in the world is water, but it may come as no surprise that the second most popular beverage is tea. Although tea was originally grown only in certain partS of Asia - in countries such as China, Burma and India - it is now a key export product in more than 50 countries around the globe. Countries that grow tea. however. need to have the right tropical climate. which includes up to 200 centimetres of rainfall per year to encourage fast growth. and temperatures that range from ten to 35 degrees centigrade. They also need to have quite specific geographical features, such as high altitudes to promote the flavour and taste of the tea. and land that can offer plenty of shade in the form of other trees and vegetation to keep the plants cool and fresh. Together these conditions contribute to the production of the wide range of high-quality teas that are in such huge demand among the world’s consumers. There is green tea. jasmine tea. earl grey tea, peppermint tea. tea to help you sleep, tea to promote healing and tea to relieve stress; but above all. tea is a social drink that seems to suit the palates and consumption habits of human beings in general.

Having originally been grown in three countries, Tea is now produced in ewer fifty and behind only water it is one of the most popular drinks in the world, as it is used in social settings and appeals to a wide variety of tastes.

With all the discussions about protecting the earth and saving the planet. it is easy to forget that we also need to preserve the many species of fish that live in the oceans. In developed countries. much larger quantities of fish are consumed than was the case a century ago when fish only featured on the menu once a week. These days, fish has become a popular healthy alternative to meat and this has created a demand for species such as cod, mackerel and tuna that far outstrips the demands of the previous generation. Throughout the world too, increasing consumption during the past 30 years has meant that the shallow parts of the ocean have been overfished in an effort to supply homes, shops and restaurants with the quantities of fish that they require. Yet despite the sophisticated fishing techniques of today, catches are smaller than they were a century or more ago. What is more, boats are having to drop their nets much deeper into the oceans and the fish they are coming up with are smaller and weigh less than they used to. While government controls have had some effect on fish stocks, the future does not offer a promising picture. Experts predict large-scale extinctions and an irreversibly damaging effect on entire ecosystems, unless greater efforts are made to conserve fish stocks and prevent overi’lshing in the world’s waters.

The consumption of fish has skyrocketed in the developed world. leading to overfishing and ultimately extinction and destruction of entire ecosystems.

3.2 Essay

形式：200-300字
结构：符合逻辑
词汇：几个较为复杂的academic words
拼写 + 语法
几个合适的角度：
- Efficiency
- Safety
- Responsibility
- Health
- Money
- Fun
- Environment
- Culture
- Technology
题目类型
- 观点类
  - disadvantages outweighs the advantages
  - positive or negative
  - agree or disagree
  - is it good?
- 叙述类
  - reasons?
  - explain
  - what are the problems/solutions?
框架
- 1让步
  - intro + opinion
  - body paragraph A （让步段）
  - body paragraph B+C
  - conclusion + opinion
- 2一边倒
  - intro + opinion
  - body paragraph A
  - body paragraph B
  - conclusion + opnion
- 3叙述
  - intro + I will explain
  - body paragraph A
  - body paragraph B
  - conclusion

3.2.1 词汇表达 (bonus)

vice versa
value A over B
to tackle this situation
fast-paced
deterring factor
pose a threat to
impose a heavy burden on
in this respect
joint efforts
A take priority over B
a controversial issue
faced with opportunities and challenges
it is commonly believed that
arouse public concern
undeniable
outweigh
from another perspective
ever-accelerated updating of

3.2.2 写作连接词

引出话题
- First of all, in the first place, to begin with, to start with
- According to, based on
- It is said that
- As is shown in
- As you know
- As is known to all
- Presently
- Lately
- Now
提出观点
- in my opinion, in my view, in my point of view, as far as i am concerned, as for me, personally.
列举
- such as, for example/instance, take … for example, take … as an example, including, like
- On the one hand … on the other hand …, for one thing … for another …
- That is to say, in other words
- Namely
- As follows
- Especially, in particular, particularly
递进
- what’s more, furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, apart from, additionally
- What’s worse, worse still, to make matters worse
- More importantly
- Likewise
- Still less 更何况
并列
- and, as well as
- … not … but ….
- Either … or …
- Neither … nor …
- Not only … but also …
强调
- Particularly, in particular, specifically, especially, obviously, of course, clearly
比较
- Compared with, in contrast with, in comparison
- Similarly, likewise, identically, moreover
- Conversely, on the contrary, contrary to, instead
- Equally important
条件
- If, whether, as/so long as, on condition that, provided (that), depending on
- Unless
- In case (of)
转折
- but, yet, while
- On the contrary
- Otherwise
- However, whereas, nevertheless, nonetheless
让步
- Although, though, even if, even though
- In spite of, despite
- No matter how/what/who
因果
- because, as, since, for, thanks to, due to, as a result of, the reason why, in other words, leads to, cause, owing to
- Thus, therefore, consequently, so, hence, as a result/consequence, for this reason, accordingly.
时间顺序
- At the beginning
- Then, later, after that, afterwards, since then
- In the end, finally, eventually, at last
- Immediately
- Meanwhile
总结
- In brief, in short, in a nutshell
- In general, generally speaking
- To sum up, in conclusion, all in all, on the whole, in a word

3.2.3 写作强力动词

Literary essay
- alludes to
- Attests
- Clarifies
- Confirms
- Conveys
- Denotes
- Depicts
- Determines
- Displays
- Emphasises
- Entails
- Establishes
- Exemplifies
- Explains
- Exposes
- Expounds
- Highlights
- Hints
- Illustrates
- Implies
- Connotes
- Indicates
- Portrays
- Represents
- Reveals
- Shows
- Signifies
- Substantiates
- Suggests
- Typifies
- Underscores
Report or persuasive essay that refers to an expert’s opinion or research studies
- analyses
- Assumes
- Concludes
- Confirms
- Considers
- Construes
- Deduces
- Deliberates
- Demonstrates
- Examines
- Explores
- Identifies
- Imparts
- Indicates
- Maintains
- Manifests
- Misconstrues
- Observes
- Perceives
- Pinpoints
- Presumes
- Questions
- Reasons
- Refers
- Remarks
- Scrutinises
- Speculates
- Substantiates
- Supports
- Supposes
- Theorises
- Upholds
- Validates
- Verifies
Report or persuasive essay that describes beginnings, causes, effects, etc.
- advances
- Affects
- Compels
- Discovers
- Empowers
- Forces
- Generates
- Ignites
- Impacts
- Imposes
- Incites
- Includes
- Influences
- Initiates
- Commences
- Instigates
- Introduces
- Involves
- Kindles
- Launches
- Leads to
- Presents
- Pressures
- Promotes
- Prompts
- Provokes
- Results in
- Sparks
- Stimulates
- Triggers
- Yields
Persuasive essay that refers to the possibilities of what ideas can do, create, or assist with
- accomplishes
- Achieves
- Aids
- Alleviates
- Ameliorates
- Assembles
- Assists
- Attains
- Attempts
- Augments
- Builds
- Constructs
- Delivers
- Develops
- Discourages
- Emits
- Encourages
- Engenders
- Enhances
- Enriches
- Establishes
- Expands
- Facilitates
- Grants
- Improves
- Increases
- Manufactures
- Offers
- Produces
- Progresses
- Provides
- Reaches
- Supplies
- Transforms
Report or persuasive essay that involves laws or legal proposals
- authorities
- Allows
- Permits
- Sanctions
- Licenses
- Documents
- Consents
- Forbids
- Prohibits
- Disallows
- Endorses
- Bans
- Secures
- Guarantees
- Bars
- Outlaws
- Inhibits
- Hinders
- Prevents
- Precludes
- Thwarts
- Averts
- Defends
- Protects
- Safeguards
- Guards
- Neglects

3.2.4 Discuss模板

Paragraph 1
- Background
  - There are a number of consequences that will arise for …
  - Some of these will be beneficial, but some could cause issues.
Paragraph 2
- a negative/positive consequences of advertising is that …
- If ….
- For example, …
- Another possible disadvantage could be …
- Since … they may end up …, which invariably affects …
Paragraph 3
- Concededly, there is a certain advantage.
- It is obvious that … allows people to …
- As … it is highly possible that …
- Otherwise …
- However, this can no longer be considered an advantage, since …
Conclusion
- overall, although …, I believe that is a positive/negative as (paragraph 2); and moreover (paragraph 3).
- Besides that, the government/society should make concerted effort to find solutions in order to address this issue.

3.2.5 Solution模板

There is an upward trend with respect to (background), which has led to (the question).
(The problem) is not an unusual phenomenon, and this present growing tendency is due to several reasons.
One cause could be attributed to (reason 1), which means, (explanation), and thus (consequences). It is also worth mentioning that due to the (reason 2), the severity of (problem) is going up simultaneously as well.
Based on the two causes discussed above, government/individuals can act accordingly to address this problem. One practical proposal is that (Solution 1). Secondly (solution 2), to deal with (rewrite the problem), government can increase the budget for … to encourage …
In conclusion, (reason 1) and (reason 2) has led to the increase in (problem). Government/individuals can solve this problem effectively by (solution 1) and by (solution 2).

3.2.6 make your own 模板

Undoubtedly, … has been a controversial issue over the last couple of decades. Considering this, some people argue that … To my way thinking, I strongly agree with this opinion for a variety of reasons. In this essay, its potential causes and possible solutions will be clarified. There are many reasons why this view makes sense. Chief among these is that … This is because … if … , will not. In my own experience, my home city of Shanghai is a classic case in point. People here…. On the other hand, there are some opponents hold the view that … This is based on the belief that … To be more specific, … Therefore, … In conclusion, there are merits and shortcomings in every choice we make in our daily lives, regardless of any other factors. This issue is no different with any other in this aspect.

3.2.7 additionally

Introduction: These days, there is an ongoing debate about （争论点）. While it is possible to claim that （让步）, my view is that （自己的观点）. In this essay, I would explain my point of view by analysing both sides of the argument.
First paragraph: On the one hand, there are several reasons why (中心词，词组，短语） are considered to be advantageous. One of them is that (第一正面论点）. Also, it should be taken into account that （第二正面论点）. Moreover, it can also be argued that （第三正面论点）.
Second paragraph: On the other hand, those who argue against （中心词、词组、短语） hold a different view. Firstly, it is claimed that （第一反面论点）. Then, there are concerns about （第二反面论点）.
Conclusion: In conclusion, while there are strong arguments on both sides of the case. I firmly believe that （自己的观点，区别于第一段，自由表述）.

3.2.8 definitely the last one

第一段四句： Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about （关键词）all over the world. However, whether （两边观点）或（单边观点） is a controversial issue. From my perspective, it exerts an adverse/a profound impact on (government, environment 关键词涉及的人事物都可以）. Therefore, people should pay more attention to … rather than …
第二段三句： To begin with, it is undeniable that … plays a significant role in …, such as … That is, … （改写第一句话）As a result, … （表结果，可以跟给的例子有关，没关系也行）, which will lead to …
第三段四句： In addition, there is no doubt that … This is simply because … For example, … Consequently, …
第四段三句： To conclude, I concede that … serves a positive function … （让步句，给个反方观点）. Nevertheless, I am fully convinced that … （重申自己的观点）. Only if … can we … （倒装句，加语法分，还是正方观点，可以是一句废话。）

3.2.9 来点例题：

Some people think that life experience is more important than the formal education provided is schools and universities. How far do you agree with this statement, and provide examples?
Governments should allocate sources prior to the technology research, do you agree or disagree? Give your own experience and examples.
Poor lifestyles have a negative impact on people’s health. List some unhealthy lifestyles and discuss what government services could help?
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of differential education, i.e., splitting students into different classes according to their academic performance.
It is important to maintain the balance between work and other aspects of one’s life such as family and leisure activities. Please give your opinion about how important to maintain the balance and why some people think it is hard to do?

第 3 章 写作