6  Raster: Continuous

Table of content for chapter 04

Chapter section list

6.1 Importing Raster Data

6.1.1 General data information

A raster object can be created by calling the terra::rast() function and specifying an external image file as an argument. … The resulting object belongs to the SpatRaster class. Invoking the base::print() function for a raster object provides information about the dimensions of the grid, cell size, geographic location, and other details.

Code Collection 6.1 : Get general sparial raster data information

R Code 6.1 : Loading Land Survey Temperature (LST) Data

Code
lst <- terra::rast("data/Chapter6/MOD11A2_2017-07-12.LST_Day_1km.tif")
base::cat("*********** class of data *************\n")
class(lst)
base::cat("\n**************** metadata *****************\n")
lst
#> *********** class of data *************
#> [1] "SpatRaster"
#> attr(,"package")
#> [1] "terra"
#> 
#> **************** metadata *****************
#> class       : SpatRaster 
#> dimensions  : 1110, 3902, 1  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
#> resolution  : 0.009009009, 0.009009009  (x, y)
#> extent      : -104.4326, -69.27943, 30, 40  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#> coord. ref. : lon/lat WGS 84 (EPSG:4326) 
#> source      : MOD11A2_2017-07-12.LST_Day_1km.tif 
#> name        : MOD11A2_2017-07-12.LST_Day_1km

From the help file:

terra::rast() is the method to create SpatRaster objects. These objects can be created from scratch, from a filename, or from another object.

A SpatRaster represents a spatially referenced surface divided into three dimensional cells (rows, columns, and layers).

When a SpatRaster is created from one or more files, it does not load the cell (pixel) values into memory (RAM). It only reads the parameters that describe the geometry of the SpatRaster, such as the number of rows and columns and the coordinate reference system. The actual values will be read when needed.

R Code 6.2 : Summary of Raster Data

Code
terra::summary(lst, size = 1e6)
#> Warning: [summary] used a sample
#>  MOD11A2_2017.07.12.LST_Day_1km
#>  Min.   :    0                 
#>  1st Qu.:    0                 
#>  Median :14981                 
#>  Mean   : 8321                 
#>  3rd Qu.:15148                 
#>  Max.   :16396

The terra::summary() function provides information about the statistical distribution of raster values, with the size argument specifying the number of randomly sampled pixels to include in the summary.

R Code 6.3 : Helpers function to extract specific characteristics of a SpatRaster objects

Code
base::cat("### Number of grid cells ###\n")
terra::ncell(lst)
base::cat("\n### Number of grid rows ###\n")
terra::nrow(lst)
base::cat("\n### Number of grid columns ###\n")
terra::ncol(lst)
base::cat("\n### Number of raster layers ###\n")
terra::nlyr(lst)
base::cat("\n###### Grid cell size ######\n")
terra::res(lst)
#> ### Number of grid cells ###
#> [1] 4331220
#> 
#> ### Number of grid rows ###
#> [1] 1110
#> 
#> ### Number of grid columns ###
#> [1] 3902
#> 
#> ### Number of raster layers ###
#> [1] 1
#> 
#> ###### Grid cell size ######
#> [1] 0.009009009 0.009009009

R Code 6.4 : Return geographic coordinates of the raster extent

Code
lst_ext <- terra::ext(lst)

base::cat("###### Data class ######\n")
base::class(lst_ext)

base::cat("\n############ Raster coordinates ############\n")
lst_ext[1:4]
#> ###### Data class ######
#> [1] "SpatExtent"
#> attr(,"package")
#> [1] "terra"
#> 
#> ############ Raster coordinates ############
#>       xmin       xmax       ymin       ymax 
#> -104.43258  -69.27943   30.00000   40.00000

The terra::ext() function returns a SpatExtent object that contains the geographic coordinates of the raster extent. SpatExtent objects can be used to specify the extent of new raster objects or to crop rasters to a new extent.

R Code 6.5 : Get the coordinate reference system (CRS)

Code
base::cat("###### Return details about the coordinate reference system ######\n")
terra::crs(lst, parse = TRUE)

base::cat("\n########## Return an abbreviated summary ##########\n")
terra::crs(lst, describe = TRUE)
#> ###### Return details about the coordinate reference system ######
#>  [1] "GEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\","                                      
#>  [2] "    ENSEMBLE[\"World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble\","    
#>  [3] "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (Transit)\"],"
#>  [4] "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G730)\"],"   
#>  [5] "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G873)\"],"   
#>  [6] "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1150)\"],"  
#>  [7] "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1674)\"],"  
#>  [8] "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G1762)\"],"  
#>  [9] "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G2139)\"],"  
#> [10] "        MEMBER[\"World Geodetic System 1984 (G2296)\"],"  
#> [11] "        ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,"      
#> [12] "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],"                    
#> [13] "        ENSEMBLEACCURACY[2.0]],"                          
#> [14] "    PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"                              
#> [15] "        ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"       
#> [16] "    CS[ellipsoidal,2],"                                   
#> [17] "        AXIS[\"geodetic latitude (Lat)\",north,"          
#> [18] "            ORDER[1],"                                    
#> [19] "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"   
#> [20] "        AXIS[\"geodetic longitude (Lon)\",east,"          
#> [21] "            ORDER[2],"                                    
#> [22] "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"   
#> [23] "    USAGE["                                               
#> [24] "        SCOPE[\"Horizontal component of 3D system.\"],"   
#> [25] "        AREA[\"World.\"],"                                
#> [26] "        BBOX[-90,-180,90,180]],"                          
#> [27] "    ID[\"EPSG\",4326]]"                                   
#> 
#> ########## Return an abbreviated summary ##########
#>     name authority code  area             extent
#> 1 WGS 84      EPSG 4326 World -180, 180, -90, 90

The terra::crs() function returns a character string containing details about the coordinate reference system (CRS) of the raster dataset. By default, the output is in well-known text (WKT) format. The parse = TRUE argument parses the output into a vector that is easier to read when printed to the R console.

R Code 6.6 : Get and set layer names

Code
base::cat("###### get original layer name ######\n")
terra::names(lst)

base::cat("\n###### get changed layer name ######\n")
names(lst) <- c("temperature")
terra::names(lst)
#> ###### get original layer name ######
#> [1] "MOD11A2_2017-07-12.LST_Day_1km"
#> 
#> ###### get changed layer name ######
#> [1] "temperature"

6.1.2 Modifying raster data objects

SpatRaster objects can be modified with various functions and used as input to mathematical expressions.

In the LST dataset, missing data are coded as zeroes, and the raw digital numbers must be modified by a scaling factor of 0.02 to convert them into degrees Kelvin. The code below uses the terra::ifel() function, which is analogous to thebase::ifelse() function, to replace zero values in the LST dataset with NA values.

The next expression applies the scaling factor to obtain degrees Kelvin and subtracts a constant to further convert the temperatures from Kelvin to Celsius. In both cases, the calculations are automatically carried out for every grid cell in the raster dataset.

R Code 6.7 : Modiyfing raster data objects

Code
lst <- terra::ifel(lst == 0, NA, lst)
lst_c <- lst * 0.02 - 273.15
terra::summary(lst_c, size = 1e6)
#> Warning: [summary] used a sample
#>   temperature    
#>  Min.   : 9.05   
#>  1st Qu.:28.05   
#>  Median :29.55   
#>  Mean   :30.29   
#>  3rd Qu.:31.53   
#>  Max.   :54.77   
#>  NA's   :452091

6.1.3 Statistical summaries

The terra::global() function can be used to generate statistical summaries of the pixels in a raster dataset.

R Code 6.8 : Generate statistical saummaries with terra::global()

Code
terra::global(lst_c, fun = "mean", na.rm=T)
##                 mean
## temperature 30.28687
terra::global(lst_c, fun = "min", na.rm=T)
##              min
## temperature 1.67
terra::global(lst_c, fun = "max", na.rm=T)
##               max
## temperature 54.77
terra::global(lst_c, fun = "sd", na.rm=T)
##                   sd
## temperature 3.652403
#>                 mean
#> temperature 30.28687
#>              min
#> temperature 1.67
#>               max
#> temperature 54.77
#>                   sd
#> temperature 3.652403

6.1.4 Exporting raster objects

Raster objects can be exported using the terra::writeRaster() function. The format of the exported image is specified using the format argument. Common output formats are:

  • GTiff (GeoTiff),
  • ascii (ESRI ASCII text ),
  • CDF, (NetCDF), see also terra::writeCDF() and
  • HFA (ERDAS Imagine).

The overwrite = TRUE argument will replace existing files with the same name.

Code Collection 6.2 : Exporting Raster Objects

R Code 6.9 : Exporting raster objects with terra::writeRaster()

Run this code chunk manually if the file still needs to be downloaded.
Code
terra::writeRaster(lst_c, 
            filename = "data/Chapter6/MOD11A2_2017-07-12.LST_Day_1km_DegC.tif", 
            filetype = "GTiff", overwrite = TRUE )

R Code 6.10 : Get available drivers for your system and gdal version

Code
terra::gdal(drivers = TRUE)
#>                name raster vector        can   vsi
#> 1           AAIGrid   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 2              ACE2   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 3              ADRG   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 4               AIG   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 5            AirSAR   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 6        AmigoCloud  FALSE   TRUE read/write FALSE
#> 7               ARG   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 8            AVCBin  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 9            AVCE00  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 10              BAG   TRUE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 11           BIGGIF   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 12              BLX   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 13              BMP   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 14              BSB   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 15               BT   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 16              BYN   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 17              CAD   TRUE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 18             CALS   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 19            Carto  FALSE   TRUE read/write FALSE
#> 20             CEOS   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 21            COASP   TRUE  FALSE       read FALSE
#> 22              COG   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 23            COSAR   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 24              CPG   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 25              CSV  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 26              CSW  FALSE   TRUE       read FALSE
#> 27          CTable2   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 28              CTG   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 29             DAAS   TRUE  FALSE       read FALSE
#> 30          DERIVED   TRUE  FALSE       read FALSE
#> 31              DGN  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 32            DIMAP   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 33            DIPEx   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 34             DOQ1   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 35             DOQ2   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 36             DTED   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 37              DXF  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 38          ECRGTOC   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 39           EDIGEO  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 40             EEDA  FALSE   TRUE       read FALSE
#> 41            EEDAI   TRUE  FALSE       read FALSE
#> 42             EHdr   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 43              EIR   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 44             ELAS   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 45    Elasticsearch  FALSE   TRUE read/write FALSE
#> 46             ENVI   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 47              ERS   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 48             ESAT   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 49   ESRI Shapefile  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 50            ESRIC   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 51         ESRIJSON  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 52             FAST   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 53              FIT   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 54       FlatGeobuf  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 55           GenBin   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 56       Geoconcept  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 57          GeoJSON  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 58       GeoJSONSeq  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 59           GeoRSS  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 60              GFF   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 61              GIF   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 62              GML  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 63      GNMDatabase  FALSE  FALSE read/write FALSE
#> 64          GNMFile  FALSE  FALSE read/write FALSE
#> 65             GPKG   TRUE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 66         GPSBabel  FALSE   TRUE read/write FALSE
#> 67              GPX  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 68   GRASSASCIIGrid   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 69             GRIB   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 70            GS7BG   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 71             GSAG   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 72             GSBG   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 73              GSC   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 74             GTFS  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 75            GTiff   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 76              GTX   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 77              GXF   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 78             HDF4   TRUE  FALSE       read FALSE
#> 79        HDF4Image   TRUE  FALSE read/write FALSE
#> 80             HDF5   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 81        HDF5Image   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 82              HF2   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 83              HFA   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 84             HTTP   TRUE   TRUE       read FALSE
#> 85           Idrisi  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 86            ILWIS   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 87             IRIS   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 88             ISCE   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 89              ISG   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 90            ISIS2   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 91            ISIS3   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 92       JAXAPALSAR   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 93             JDEM   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 94              JML  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 95      JP2OpenJPEG   TRUE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 96             JPEG   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 97           JSONFG  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 98              KML  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 99  KMLSUPEROVERLAY   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 100             KRO   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 101             L1B   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 102             LAN   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 103             LCP   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 104        Leveller   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 105          LOSLAS   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 106           LVBAG  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 107             MAP   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 108    MapInfo File  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 109           MapML  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 110         MBTiles   TRUE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 111             MEM   TRUE  FALSE read/write FALSE
#> 112          Memory  FALSE   TRUE read/write FALSE
#> 113             MFF   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 114            MFF2   TRUE  FALSE read/write FALSE
#> 115             MRF   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 116            MSGN   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 117    MSSQLSpatial  FALSE   TRUE read/write FALSE
#> 118             MVT  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 119             NDF   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 120          netCDF   TRUE   TRUE read/write FALSE
#> 121        NGSGEOID   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 122             NGW   TRUE   TRUE read/write FALSE
#> 123            NITF   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 124          NOAA_B   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 125        NSIDCbin   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 126            NTv2   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 127         NWT_GRC   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 128         NWT_GRD   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 129           OAPIF  FALSE   TRUE       read FALSE
#> 130            ODBC  FALSE   TRUE       read FALSE
#> 131             ODS  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 132          OGCAPI   TRUE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 133         OGR_GMT  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 134         OGR_PDS  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 135        OGR_SDTS  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 136         OGR_VRT  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 137     OpenFileGDB   TRUE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 138             OSM  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 139             OZI   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 140            PAux   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 141          PCIDSK   TRUE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 142        PCRaster   TRUE  FALSE read/write FALSE
#> 143             PDF   TRUE   TRUE read/write FALSE
#> 144             PDS   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 145            PDS4   TRUE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 146          PGDUMP  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 147            PGeo  FALSE   TRUE       read FALSE
#> 148        PLMOSAIC   TRUE  FALSE       read FALSE
#> 149        PLSCENES   TRUE   TRUE       read FALSE
#> 150         PMTiles  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 151             PNG   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 152             PNM   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 153   PostGISRaster   TRUE  FALSE read/write FALSE
#> 154      PostgreSQL  FALSE   TRUE read/write FALSE
#> 155             PRF   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 156               R   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 157      Rasterlite   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 158             RIK   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 159             RMF   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 160         ROI_PAC   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 161          RPFTOC   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 162         RRASTER   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 163             RS2   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 164             RST   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 165            S102   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 166             S57  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 167            SAFE   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 168            SAGA   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 169        SAR_CEOS   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 170            SDTS   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 171         Selafin  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 172       SENTINEL2   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 173             SGI   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 174          SIGDEM   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 175          SNODAS   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 176          SQLite  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 177             SRP   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 178         SRTMHGT   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 179          STACIT   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 180          STACTA   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 181             SVG  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 182             SXF  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 183        Terragen   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 184             TGA   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 185           TIGER  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 186             TIL   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 187        TopoJSON  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 188             TSX   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 189         UK .NTF  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 190         USGSDEM   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 191             VDV  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 192             VFK  FALSE   TRUE       read FALSE
#> 193           VICAR   TRUE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 194             VRT   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 195            WAsP  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 196             WCS   TRUE  FALSE       read  TRUE
#> 197            WEBP   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 198             WFS  FALSE   TRUE       read  TRUE
#> 199             WMS   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 200            WMTS   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 201             XLS  FALSE   TRUE       read FALSE
#> 202            XLSX  FALSE   TRUE read/write  TRUE
#> 203             XPM   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 204             XYZ   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 205            Zarr   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#> 206            ZMap   TRUE  FALSE read/write  TRUE
#>                                                    long.name
#> 1                                        Arc/Info ASCII Grid
#> 2                                                       ACE2
#> 3                              ARC Digitized Raster Graphics
#> 4                                       Arc/Info Binary Grid
#> 5                                  AirSAR Polarimetric Image
#> 6                                                 AmigoCloud
#> 7                                  Azavea Raster Grid format
#> 8                                   Arc/Info Binary Coverage
#> 9                              Arc/Info E00 (ASCII) Coverage
#> 10                                Bathymetry Attributed Grid
#> 11                        Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)
#> 12                                      Magellan topo (.blx)
#> 13                      MS Windows Device Independent Bitmap
#> 14                               Maptech BSB Nautical Charts
#> 15                       VTP .bt (Binary Terrain) 1.3 Format
#> 16                          Natural Resources Canada's Geoid
#> 17                                            AutoCAD Driver
#> 18                                             CALS (Type 1)
#> 19                                                     Carto
#> 20                                                CEOS Image
#> 21                           DRDC COASP SAR Processor Raster
#> 22                         Cloud optimized GeoTIFF generator
#> 23                COSAR Annotated Binary Matrix (TerraSAR-X)
#> 24                                           Convair PolGASP
#> 25                              Comma Separated Value (.csv)
#> 26                    OGC CSW (Catalog  Service for the Web)
#> 27                                  CTable2 Datum Grid Shift
#> 28                            USGS LULC Composite Theme Grid
#> 29           Airbus DS Intelligence Data As A Service driver
#> 30                Derived datasets using VRT pixel functions
#> 31                                          Microstation DGN
#> 32                                                SPOT DIMAP
#> 33                                                     DIPEx
#> 34                                      USGS DOQ (Old Style)
#> 35                                      USGS DOQ (New Style)
#> 36                                     DTED Elevation Raster
#> 37                                               AutoCAD DXF
#> 38                                           ECRG TOC format
#> 39                             French EDIGEO exchange format
#> 40                                     Earth Engine Data API
#> 41                               Earth Engine Data API Image
#> 42                                        ESRI .hdr Labelled
#> 43                                         Erdas Imagine Raw
#> 44                                                      ELAS
#> 45                                            Elastic Search
#> 46                                        ENVI .hdr Labelled
#> 47                                    ERMapper .ers Labelled
#> 48                                      Envisat Image Format
#> 49                                            ESRI Shapefile
#> 50                                        Esri Compact Cache
#> 51                                                  ESRIJSON
#> 52                                         EOSAT FAST Format
#> 53                                                 FIT Image
#> 54                                                FlatGeobuf
#> 55                            Generic Binary (.hdr Labelled)
#> 56                                                Geoconcept
#> 57                                                   GeoJSON
#> 58                                          GeoJSON Sequence
#> 59                                                    GeoRSS
#> 60  Ground-based SAR Applications Testbed File Format (.gff)
#> 61                        Graphics Interchange Format (.gif)
#> 62                           Geography Markup Language (GML)
#> 63                 Geographic Network generic DB based model
#> 64               Geographic Network generic file based model
#> 65                                                GeoPackage
#> 66                                                  GPSBabel
#> 67                                                       GPX
#> 68                                          GRASS ASCII Grid
#> 69                              GRIdded Binary (.grb, .grb2)
#> 70                      Golden Software 7 Binary Grid (.grd)
#> 71                         Golden Software ASCII Grid (.grd)
#> 72                        Golden Software Binary Grid (.grd)
#> 73                                               GSC Geogrid
#> 74                        General Transit Feed Specification
#> 75                                                   GeoTIFF
#> 76                                  NOAA Vertical Datum .GTX
#> 77                              GeoSoft Grid Exchange Format
#> 78                        Hierarchical Data Format Release 4
#> 79                                              HDF4 Dataset
#> 80                        Hierarchical Data Format Release 5
#> 81                                              HDF5 Dataset
#> 82                                HF2/HFZ heightfield raster
#> 83                               Erdas Imagine Images (.img)
#> 84                                     HTTP Fetching Wrapper
#> 85                                      Idrisi Vector (.vct)
#> 86                                          ILWIS Raster Map
#> 87                              IRIS data (.PPI, .CAPPi etc)
#> 88                                               ISCE raster
#> 89                       International Service for the Geoid
#> 90                   USGS Astrogeology ISIS cube (Version 2)
#> 91                   USGS Astrogeology ISIS cube (Version 3)
#> 92                JAXA PALSAR Product Reader (Level 1.1/1.5)
#> 93                                       Japanese DEM (.mem)
#> 94                                              OpenJUMP JML
#> 95                JPEG-2000 driver based on OpenJPEG library
#> 96                                                 JPEG JFIF
#> 97                          OGC Features and Geometries JSON
#> 98                             Keyhole Markup Language (KML)
#> 99                                         Kml Super Overlay
#> 100                                                KOLOR Raw
#> 101                     NOAA Polar Orbiter Level 1b Data Set
#> 102                                          Erdas .LAN/.GIS
#> 103                        FARSITE v.4 Landscape File (.lcp)
#> 104                                     Leveller heightfield
#> 105                        NADCON .los/.las Datum Grid Shift
#> 106                              Kadaster LV BAG Extract 2.0
#> 107                                         OziExplorer .MAP
#> 108                                             MapInfo File
#> 109                                                    MapML
#> 110                                                  MBTiles
#> 111                                         In Memory Raster
#> 112                                                   Memory
#> 113                                        Vexcel MFF Raster
#> 114                                 Vexcel MFF2 (HKV) Raster
#> 115                                       Meta Raster Format
#> 116                           EUMETSAT Archive native (.nat)
#> 117                    Microsoft SQL Server Spatial Database
#> 118                                      Mapbox Vector Tiles
#> 119                                        NLAPS Data Format
#> 120                               Network Common Data Format
#> 121                              NOAA NGS Geoid Height Grids
#> 122                                              NextGIS Web
#> 123                     National Imagery Transmission Format
#> 124                            NOAA GEOCON/NADCON5 .b format
#> 125               NSIDC Sea Ice Concentrations binary (.bin)
#> 126                                    NTv2 Datum Grid Shift
#> 127               Northwood Classified Grid Format .grc/.tab
#> 128                  Northwood Numeric Grid Format .grd/.tab
#> 129                                       OGC API - Features
#> 130                                                         
#> 131     Open Document/ LibreOffice / OpenOffice Spreadsheet 
#> 132                                                   OGCAPI
#> 133                                 GMT ASCII Vectors (.gmt)
#> 134                             Planetary Data Systems TABLE
#> 135                                                     SDTS
#> 136                                 VRT - Virtual Datasource
#> 137                                             ESRI FileGDB
#> 138                                OpenStreetMap XML and PBF
#> 139                                   OziExplorer Image File
#> 140                                        PCI .aux Labelled
#> 141                                     PCIDSK Database File
#> 142                                     PCRaster Raster File
#> 143                                           Geospatial PDF
#> 144                               NASA Planetary Data System
#> 145                             NASA Planetary Data System 4
#> 146                                      PostgreSQL SQL dump
#> 147                                ESRI Personal GeoDatabase
#> 148                                  Planet Labs Mosaics API
#> 149                                   Planet Labs Scenes API
#> 150                                           ProtoMap Tiles
#> 151                                Portable Network Graphics
#> 152                          Portable Pixmap Format (netpbm)
#> 153                                    PostGIS Raster driver
#> 154                                       PostgreSQL/PostGIS
#> 155                                      Racurs PHOTOMOD PRF
#> 156                                      R Object Data Store
#> 157                                               Rasterlite
#> 158                                  Swedish Grid RIK (.rik)
#> 159                                     Raster Matrix Format
#> 160                                           ROI_PAC raster
#> 161                         Raster Product Format TOC format
#> 162                                                 R Raster
#> 163                                   RadarSat 2 XML Product
#> 164                                        Idrisi Raster A.1
#> 165                        S-102 Bathymetric Surface Product
#> 166                                           IHO S-57 (ENC)
#> 167                              Sentinel-1 SAR SAFE Product
#> 168                  SAGA GIS Binary Grid (.sdat, .sg-grd-z)
#> 169                                           CEOS SAR Image
#> 170                                              SDTS Raster
#> 171                                                  Selafin
#> 172                                               Sentinel 2
#> 173                                SGI Image File Format 1.0
#> 174                       Scaled Integer Gridded DEM .sigdem
#> 175                            Snow Data Assimilation System
#> 176                                      SQLite / Spatialite
#> 177                      Standard Raster Product (ASRP/USRP)
#> 178                                      SRTMHGT File Format
#> 179                      Spatio-Temporal Asset Catalog Items
#> 180               Spatio-Temporal Asset Catalog Tiled Assets
#> 181                                 Scalable Vector Graphics
#> 182                              Storage and eXchange Format
#> 183                                     Terragen heightfield
#> 184                              TGA/TARGA Image File Format
#> 185                                   U.S. Census TIGER/Line
#> 186                                          EarthWatch .TIL
#> 187                                                 TopoJSON
#> 188                                       TerraSAR-X Product
#> 189                                                  UK .NTF
#> 190                       USGS Optional ASCII DEM (and CDED)
#> 191                      VDV-451/VDV-452/INTREST Data Format
#> 192                     Czech Cadastral Exchange Data Format
#> 193                                          MIPL VICAR file
#> 194                                           Virtual Raster
#> 195                                         WAsP .map format
#> 196                                 OGC Web Coverage Service
#> 197                                                     WEBP
#> 198                            OGC WFS (Web Feature Service)
#> 199                                      OGC Web Map Service
#> 200                                 OGC Web Map Tile Service
#> 201                                          MS Excel format
#> 202                           MS Office Open XML spreadsheet
#> 203                                        X11 PixMap Format
#> 204                                        ASCII Gridded XYZ
#> 205                                                     Zarr
#> 206                                           ZMap Plus Grid