A Appendix: Linear Models

Listed below are the outputs for the models for years 2015-2018 and 2020.

Table A.1: Model Results for Log Total Payments, 2015
Covariate Coefficient Std. Error Statistic P-Value
Intercept 5.172 0.239 21.680 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Adolescent Medicine 0.256 0.024 10.542 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Adult Medicine 0.165 0.008 19.901 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Geriatric Medicine 0.095 0.009 10.320 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Obesity Medicine 0.386 0.057 6.732 <0.001
Specialty: General Practice 0.372 0.003 119.282 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine 0.094 0.001 88.745 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Adolescent Medicine -0.028 0.012 -2.278 0.023
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Geriatric Medicine 0.168 0.005 31.600 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Obesity Medicine -0.046 0.056 -0.815 0.415
Specialty: Pediatrics 0.213 0.002 89.796 <0.001
Specialty: Pediatrics|Adolescent Medicine -0.148 0.010 -14.233 <0.001
Specialty: Preventive Medicine|Public Health & General Preventive Medicine 0.531 0.019 28.445 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Compensation for services other than consulting 0.984 0.239 4.123 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a non-accredited program 1.964 0.240 8.187 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for an accredited program 1.966 0.358 5.493 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Consulting Fee -0.474 0.239 -1.986 0.047
Nature of Payment: Current or prospective ownership or investment interest 2.654 0.291 9.131 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Education -2.850 0.239 -11.946 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Entertainment -1.590 0.248 -6.420 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Food and Beverage -2.574 0.239 -10.789 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Gift -1.818 0.240 -7.587 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Grant 2.250 0.241 9.333 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Honoraria 1.762 0.240 7.348 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Royalty or License 3.279 0.252 12.991 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Travel and Lodging -0.187 0.239 -0.782 0.434
Region: South -0.045 0.001 -32.132 <0.001
Region: Midwest -0.181 0.002 -113.698 <0.001
Region: West -0.084 0.002 -51.071 <0.001
Density Category: Sparse 0.028 0.002 18.372 <0.001
Density Category: Normal 0.071 0.002 45.809 <0.001
Density Category: Dense 0.109 0.002 69.557 <0.001
Density Category: Extremely Dense 0.289 0.002 175.991 <0.001
Quarter 2 -0.003 0.001 -2.256 0.024
Quarter 3 -0.039 0.001 -29.027 <0.001
Quarter 4 -0.010 0.001 -7.079 <0.001
Table A.2: Model Results for Log Total Payments, 2016
Covariate Coefficient Std. Error Statistic P-Value
Intercept 7.172 0.144 49.727 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Adolescent Medicine 0.448 0.044 10.223 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Adult Medicine 0.167 0.013 12.733 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Geriatric Medicine 0.014 0.013 1.051 0.293
Specialty: Family Medicine|Obesity Medicine 0.149 0.115 1.298 0.194
Specialty: General Practice 0.387 0.004 98.566 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine 0.067 0.002 43.655 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Adolescent Medicine 0.030 0.023 1.274 0.203
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Geriatric Medicine 0.169 0.008 20.746 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Obesity Medicine -0.014 0.086 -0.166 0.868
Specialty: Pediatrics 0.255 0.003 78.968 <0.001
Specialty: Pediatrics|Adolescent Medicine 0.262 0.017 15.871 <0.001
Specialty: Preventive Medicine|Public Health & General Preventive Medicine 0.219 0.027 8.118 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Compensation for services other than consulting -0.179 0.144 -1.237 0.216
Nature of Payment: Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a non-accredited program -0.185 0.215 -0.858 0.391
Nature of Payment: Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for an accredited program -0.178 0.177 -1.006 0.314
Nature of Payment: Consulting Fee 0.043 0.145 0.295 0.768
Nature of Payment: Current or prospective ownership or investment interest 0.908 0.259 3.502 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Education -4.759 0.144 -32.977 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Entertainment -3.423 0.182 -18.805 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Food and Beverage -4.568 0.144 -31.680 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Gift -3.535 0.168 -21.058 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Grant 0.553 0.151 3.672 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Honoraria 0.050 0.155 0.321 0.748
Nature of Payment: Royalty or License 2.095 0.167 12.581 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Travel and Lodging -2.136 0.144 -14.803 <0.001
Region: South -0.069 0.002 -33.436 <0.001
Region: Midwest -0.230 0.002 -97.732 <0.001
Region: West -0.064 0.002 -26.208 <0.001
Density Category: Sparse 0.033 0.002 14.951 <0.001
Density Category: Normal 0.077 0.002 34.345 <0.001
Density Category: Dense 0.127 0.002 56.099 <0.001
Density Category: Extremely Dense 0.290 0.002 121.694 <0.001
Quarter 2 -0.028 0.002 -14.581 <0.001
Quarter 3 -0.037 0.002 -18.903 <0.001
Quarter 4 -0.044 0.002 -21.763 <0.001
Table A.3: Model Results for Log Total Payments, 2017
Covariate Coefficient Std. Error Statistic P-Value
Intercept 6.679 0.122 54.834 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Adolescent Medicine 0.225 0.027 8.199 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Adult Medicine 0.100 0.008 12.336 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Geriatric Medicine 0.111 0.009 12.787 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Obesity Medicine 0.420 0.042 10.076 <0.001
Specialty: General Practice 0.286 0.003 113.177 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine 0.083 0.001 81.188 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Adolescent Medicine -0.085 0.013 -6.281 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Geriatric Medicine 0.136 0.005 26.097 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Obesity Medicine 0.522 0.051 10.240 <0.001
Specialty: Pediatrics 0.211 0.002 96.673 <0.001
Specialty: Pediatrics|Adolescent Medicine 0.245 0.010 24.084 <0.001
Specialty: Preventive Medicine|Public Health & General Preventive Medicine 0.312 0.018 16.989 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Compensation for services other than consulting 0.233 0.122 1.910 0.056
Nature of Payment: Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a non-accredited program 0.482 0.127 3.793 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for an accredited program 0.118 0.203 0.580 0.562
Nature of Payment: Consulting Fee 0.369 0.122 3.022 0.003
Nature of Payment: Current or prospective ownership or investment interest 1.916 0.233 8.215 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Education -4.693 0.122 -38.521 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Entertainment -3.467 0.142 -24.500 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Food and Beverage -4.092 0.122 -33.596 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Gift -4.392 0.124 -35.393 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Grant 0.951 0.128 7.434 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Honoraria 0.670 0.126 5.328 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Royalty or License 2.007 0.140 14.342 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Travel and Lodging -1.768 0.122 -14.508 <0.001
Region: South -0.060 0.001 -44.581 <0.001
Region: Midwest -0.169 0.002 -108.463 <0.001
Region: West -0.044 0.002 -27.305 <0.001
Density Category: Sparse 0.020 0.001 13.485 <0.001
Density Category: Normal 0.057 0.001 38.211 <0.001
Density Category: Dense 0.117 0.002 78.226 <0.001
Density Category: Extremely Dense 0.261 0.002 164.666 <0.001
Quarter 2 -0.014 0.001 -10.645 <0.001
Quarter 3 -0.038 0.001 -29.028 <0.001
Quarter 4 -0.014 0.001 -10.447 <0.001
Table A.4: Model Results for Log Total Payments, 2018
Covariate Coefficient Std. Error Statistic P-Value
Intercept 6.598 0.590 11.191 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Adolescent Medicine 0.266 0.029 9.039 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Adult Medicine 0.095 0.009 10.551 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Geriatric Medicine 0.112 0.009 12.004 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Obesity Medicine 0.509 0.045 11.245 <0.001
Specialty: General Practice 0.363 0.002 145.499 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine 0.083 0.001 76.782 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Adolescent Medicine -0.119 0.014 -8.465 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Geriatric Medicine 0.132 0.006 23.150 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Obesity Medicine 0.298 0.057 5.257 <0.001
Specialty: Pediatrics 0.177 0.002 80.414 <0.001
Specialty: Pediatrics|Adolescent Medicine 0.166 0.010 15.925 <0.001
Specialty: Preventive Medicine|Public Health & General Preventive Medicine 0.364 0.019 18.735 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Compensation for services other than consulting 0.156 0.590 0.264 0.791
Nature of Payment: Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a non-accredited program 0.333 0.592 0.563 0.573
Nature of Payment: Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for an accredited program 1.249 0.633 1.972 0.049
Nature of Payment: Consulting Fee 0.256 0.590 0.434 0.664
Nature of Payment: Current or prospective ownership or investment interest 3.995 0.620 6.445 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Education -4.219 0.590 -7.155 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Entertainment -2.880 0.594 -4.850 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Food and Beverage -4.051 0.590 -6.870 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Gift -0.813 0.590 -1.378 0.168
Nature of Payment: Grant 0.668 0.591 1.131 0.258
Nature of Payment: Honoraria 0.458 0.590 0.776 0.438
Nature of Payment: Royalty or License 2.277 0.594 3.835 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Travel and Lodging -1.843 0.590 -3.125 0.002
Region: South 0.000 0.001 -0.208 0.835
Region: Midwest -0.102 0.002 -62.247 <0.001
Region: West 0.008 0.002 4.700 <0.001
Density Category: Sparse 0.034 0.002 21.673 <0.001
Density Category: Normal 0.059 0.002 37.751 <0.001
Density Category: Dense 0.120 0.002 76.570 <0.001
Density Category: Extremely Dense 0.263 0.002 158.372 <0.001
Quarter 2 0.000 0.001 -0.369 0.712
Quarter 3 -0.033 0.001 -24.265 <0.001
Quarter 4 -0.005 0.001 -3.515 <0.001
Table A.5: Model Results for Log Total Payments, 2020
Covariate Coefficient Std. Error Statistic P-Value
Intercept 6.587 0.009 743.427 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Adolescent Medicine 0.000 0.028 0.011 0.991
Specialty: Family Medicine|Adult Medicine 0.045 0.009 5.042 <0.001
Specialty: Family Medicine|Geriatric Medicine 0.048 0.010 4.933 <0.001
Specialty: General Practice 0.212 0.003 82.341 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Adolescent Medicine -0.064 0.015 -4.410 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Geriatric Medicine 0.086 0.006 14.725 <0.001
Specialty: Internal Medicine|Obesity Medicine 0.065 0.034 1.925 0.054
Specialty: Pediatrics 0.123 0.002 51.748 <0.001
Specialty: Pediatrics|Adolescent Medicine 0.123 0.011 11.348 <0.001
Specialty: Preventive Medicine|Public Health & General Preventive Medicine 0.346 0.020 17.528 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a non-accredited program 0.250 0.067 3.757 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for an accredited program 0.570 0.146 3.900 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Consulting Fee 0.353 0.011 31.049 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Current or prospective ownership or investment interest 4.048 0.167 24.225 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Education -3.738 0.012 -300.017 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Entertainment -2.742 0.182 -15.099 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Food and Beverage -3.944 0.008 -464.604 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Gift -3.116 0.026 -121.495 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Grant 1.233 0.034 35.760 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Honoraria 0.168 0.031 5.489 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Royalty or License 1.785 0.048 37.021 <0.001
Nature of Payment: Travel and Lodging -1.922 0.013 -145.462 <0.001
Region: South -0.007 0.002 -3.164 0.002
Region: Midwest -0.055 0.002 -22.245 <0.001
Region: West 0.050 0.003 19.839 <0.001
Density Category: Sparse -0.006 0.002 -2.798 0.005
Density Category: Normal 0.011 0.002 5.399 <0.001
Density Category: Dense 0.043 0.002 20.575 <0.001
Density Category: Extremely Dense 0.116 0.002 52.045 <0.001
Quarter 2 -0.005 0.002 -2.220 0.026
Quarter 3 -0.032 0.002 -18.363 <0.001
Quarter 4 -0.015 0.002 -8.655 <0.001