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Data in the MMWR: A purposive review with recommendations

Appendix A MMWR reports selected for or cited in this review

A.1 MMWR reports selected for this review

The 56 full reports selected for this review are listed here in chronological order of publication, with links to their HTML and PDF versions on the MMWR website (labeled “PDF1”), a local copy of the PDF version (labeled “PDF2”), the citation as formatted in this review (i.e., “Author (year)”), as well as the publication date, volume, issue, pages, and title. (A trimmed, collated version has been compiled and posted for convenience. See also Collate MMWR HTML for information on how that version was compiled.)

  1. Report mm6802a1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) García et al. (2019)
    2019-01-18;68(2):25-30. Opioid prescribing rates in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties among primary care providers using an electronic health record system — United States, 2014–2017.
    Cited in sections 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.6, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, B.2, B.3.

  2. Report mm6806a2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Doyle et al. (2019)
    2019-02-15;68(6):135-139. Interim estimates of 2018–19 seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness — United States, February 2019.
    Cited in section 6.2.

  3. Report mm6817a3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Kariisa et al. (2019)
    2019-05-03;68(17):388-395. Drug overdose deaths involving cocaine and psychostimulants with abuse potential — United States, 2003–2017.
    Cited in sections 5.2, 5.3, 5.5, 5.6, B.3.

  4. Report mm6827a2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Su et al. (2019)
    2019-07-12;68(27):604-607. Workplace secondhand tobacco smoke exposure among U.S. nonsmoking workers, 2015.
    Cited in sections 3.1, 5.3, 5.5, B.2, B.3.

  5. Report mm6834a3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Beauregard et al. (2019)
    2019-08-30;68(34):745-748. Racial disparities in breastfeeding initiation and duration among U.S. infants born in 2015.
    Not cited in this review.

  6. Report mm6841e3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Siegel et al. (2019)
    2019-10-18;68(41):919-927. Update: Interim guidance for health care providers evaluating and caring for patients with suspected e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury — United States, October 2019.
    Cited in sections 3.1, 6.3, B.2, B.3.

  7. Report mm6844a1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) O’Neil et al. (2019)
    2019-11-08;68(44):993-998. Lung cancer incidence in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties — United States, 2007–2016.
    Cited in sections 5.5, 5.6, B.2, B.3.

  8. Report mm6848a1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Patel et al. (2019)
    2019-12-06;68(48):1105-1111. Progress toward regional measles elimination — worldwide, 2000–2018.
    Cited in sections B.2, B.3.

  9. Report mm6903a1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Peterson et al. (2020)
    2020-01-24;69(3):57-62. Suicide rates by industry and occupation — National Violent Death Reporting System, 32 states, 2016.
    Cited in sections 5.6, 6.1.

  10. Report mm6906a3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Divers et al. (2020)
    2020-02-14;69(6):161-165. Trends in incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths — selected counties and Indian reservations, United States, 2002–2015.
    Cited in sections 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, B.2, B.3.

  11. Report mm6911a5 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Schieber et al. (2020)
    2020-03-20;69(11):298-302. Variation in Adult outpatient opioid prescription dispensing by age and sex — United States, 2008–2018.
    Cited in sections 4.1, 5.2, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, B.2, B.3.

  12. Report mm6916e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Chang et al. (2020)
    2020-04-24;69(16):496-498. Cleaning and disinfectant chemical exposures and temporal associations with COVID-19 — National Poison Data System, United States, January 1, 2020–March 31, 2020.
    Cited in sections B.2, B.3.

  13. Report mm6920e2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) James et al. (2020)
    2020-05-22;69(20):632-635. High COVID-19 attack rate among attendees at events at a church — Arkansas, March 2020.
    Cited in sections 5.1, B.3.

  14. Report mm6923e4 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Payne et al. (2020)
    2020-06-12;69(23):714-721. SARS-CoV-2 infections and serologic responses from a sample of U.S. Navy service members — USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020.
    Cited in sections B.2, B.3.

  15. Report mm6924e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Czeisler, Tynan, et al. (2020)
    2020-06-19;69(24):751-758. Public attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs related to COVID-19, stay-at-home orders, nonessential business closures, and public health guidance — United States, New York City, and Los Angeles, May 5–12, 2020.
    Cited in sections 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.5, 5.6.

  16. Report mm6925a1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Ellington et al. (2020)
    2020-06-26;69(25):769-775. Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status — United States, January 22–June 7, 2020.
    Not cited in this review.

  17. Report mm6927a4 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Waltzman et al. (2020)
    2020-07-10;69(27):870-874. Trends in emergency department visits for contact sports–related traumatic brain injuries among children — United States, 2001–2018.
    Cited in sections 6.2, B.2, B.3.

  18. Report mm6928e3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Fisher, Barile, et al. (2020)
    2020-07-17;69(28):933-937. Factors associated with cloth face covering use among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic — United States, April and May 2020.
    Not cited in this review.

  19. Report mm6930e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Tenforde et al. (2020)
    2020-07-31;69(30):993-998. Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network — United States, March–June 2020.
    Cited in sections 5.6, B.2, B.3.

  20. Report mm6932a1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Czeisler, Lane, et al. (2020)
    2020-08-14;69(32):1049-1057. Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic — United States, June 24–30, 2020.
    Cited in sections 4.1, 5.6.

  21. Report mm6932e5 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Hatfield et al. (2020)
    2020-08-14;69(32):1095-1099. Facility-wide testing for SARS-CoV-2 in nursing homes — seven U.S. jurisdictions, March–June 2020.
    Cited in section B.3.

  22. Report mm6935a2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Moreland et al. (2020)
    2020-09-04;69(35):1198-1203. Timing of state and territorial COVID-19 stay-at-home orders and changes in population movement — United States, March 1–May 31, 2020.
    Cited in sections 7.1, 7.2, B.2, B.3.

  23. Report mm6935e2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Self et al. (2020)
    2020-09-04;69(35):1221-1226. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among frontline health care personnel in a multistate hospital network — 13 academic medical centers, April–June 2020.
    Cited in sections B.2, B.3.

  24. Report mm6936a5 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Fisher, Tenforde, et al. (2020)
    2020-09-11;69(36):1258-1264. Community and close contact exposures associated with COVID-19 among symptomatic adults ≥18 years in 11 outpatient health care facilities — United States, July 2020.
    Cited in sections 5.1, B.2, B.3.

  25. Report mm6939e2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Leeb et al. (2020)
    2020-10-02;69(39):1410-1415. COVID-19 trends among school-aged children — United States, March 1–September 19, 2020.
    Cited in sections 3.1, B.2, B.3.

  26. Report mm6943e3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Kambhampati et al. (2020)
    2020-10-30;69(43):1576-1583. COVID-19–associated hospitalizations among health care personnel — COVID-NET, 13 states, March 1–May 31, 2020.
    Cited in sections 6.2, B.2, B.3.

  27. Report mm6944e3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Zambrano et al. (2020)
    2020-11-06;69(44):1641-1647. Update: Characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status — United States, January 22–October 3, 2020.
    Not cited in this review.

  28. Report mm6947e2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Van Dyke et al. (2020)
    2020-11-27;69(47):1777-1781. Trends in county-level COVID-19 incidence in counties with and without a mask mandate — Kansas, June 1–August 23, 2020.
    Cited in sections 6.2, B.2, B.3.

  29. Report mm6949a2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Gilbert et al. (2020)
    2020-12-11;69(49):1848-1852. Racial and ethnic differences in parental attitudes and concerns about school reopening during the COVID-19 pandemic — United States, July 2020.
    Cited in section 4.1.

  30. Report mm695152a3 (HTML PDF1 | PDF2) Pray et al. (2021)
    2021-01-01;69(5152):1942-1947. Performance of an antigen-based test for asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing at two university campuses — Wisconsin, September–October 2020.
    Cited in section B.3.

  31. Report mm7001a4 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Leidner et al. (2021)
    2021-01-08;70(1):14-19. Opening of large institutions of higher education and county-level COVID-19 incidence — United States, July 6–September 17, 2020.
    Cited in sections 6.3, 7.1, B.2, B.3.

  32. Report mm7004e3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Falk et al. (2021)
    2021-01-29;70(4):136-140. COVID-19 cases and transmission in 17 K–12 schools — Wood County, Wisconsin, August 31–November 29, 2020.
    Cited in sections 6.3, B.2, B.3.

  33. Report mm7006e2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Joo et al. (2021)
    2021-02-12;70(6):212-216. Decline in COVID-19 hospitalization growth rates associated with statewide mask mandates — 10 states, March–October 2020.
    Cited in sections 3.2, 6.1, 7.1, B.2, B.3.

  34. Report mm7010e3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Guy et al. (2021)
    2021-03-12;70(10):350-354. Association of state-issued mask mandates and allowing on-premises restaurant dining with county-level COVID-19 case and death growth rates — United States, March 1–December 31, 2020.
    Cited in sections 3.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, B.2, B.3.

  35. Report mm7010e4 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Kompaniyets et al. (2021)
    2021-03-12;70(10):355-361. Body mass index and risk for COVID-19–related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death — United States, March–December 2020.
    Cited in sections 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, B.2, B.3.

  36. Report mm7011e3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Britton et al. (2021)
    2021-03-19;70(11):396-401. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine among residents of two skilled nursing facilities experiencing COVID-19 outbreaks — Connecticut, December 2020–February 2021.
    Cited in sections 6.2, 6.3, B.2, B.3.

  37. Report mm7013e3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Thompson et al. (2021)
    2021-04-02;70(13):495-500. Interim estimates of vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among health care personnel, first responders, and other essential and frontline workers — eight U.S. locations, December 2020–March.
    Cited in section 6.2.

  38. Report mm7018e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Tenforde et al. (2021)
    2021-05-07;70(18):674-679. Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines against COVID-19 among hospitalized adults aged ≥65 years — United States, January–March 2021.
    Cited in sections 5.7, 6.2, B.2, B.3.

  39. Report mm7021e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Gettings et al. (2021)
    2021-05-28;70(21):779-784. Mask use and ventilation improvements to reduce COVID-19 incidence in elementary schools — Georgia, November 16–December 11, 2020.
    Cited in sections 5.1, B.3.

  40. Report mm7023e2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Christie et al. (2021)
    2021-06-11;70(23):858-864. Decreases in COVID-19 cases, emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and deaths among older adults following the introduction of COVID-19 vaccine — United States, September 6, 2020–May 1, 2021.
    Cited in sections 5.2, 5.3, 5.6, B.2, B.3.

  41. Report mm7024e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Yard et al. (2021)
    2021-06-18;70(24):888-894. Emergency department visits for suspected suicide attempts among persons aged 12–25 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic — United States, January 2019–May 2021.
    Cited in sections 6.2, 6.3, B.3.

  42. Report mm7031e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Hause et al. (2021)
    2021-08-06;70(31):1053-1058. COVID-19 vaccine safety in adolescents aged 12–17 years — United States, December 14, 2020–July 16, 2021.
    Not cited in this review.

  43. Report mm7032e3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Moline et al. (2021)
    2021-08-13;70(32):1088-1093. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing hospitalization among adults aged ≥65 years — COVID-NET, 13 states, February–April 2021.
    Cited in sections 6.2, 7.1, B.2, B.3.

  44. Report mm7034e5 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Griffin et al. (2021)
    2021-08-27;70(34):1170-1176. SARS-CoV-2 infections and hospitalizations among persons aged ≥16 years, by vaccination status — Los Angeles County, California, May 1–July 25, 2021.
    Cited in sections 5.4, 5.5, B.3.

  45. Report mm7037e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Scobie et al. (2021)
    2021-09-17;70(37):1284-1290. Monitoring incidence of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, by vaccination status — 13 U.S. jurisdictions, April 4–July 17, 2021.
    Cited in sections 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.2, B.2, B.3.

  46. Report mm7039e3 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Budzyn et al. (2021)
    2021-10-01;70(39):1377-1378. Pediatric COVID-19 cases in counties with and without school mask requirements — United States, July 1–September 4, 2021.
    Cited in sections 3.1, 5.3, 6.2, B.2, B.3.

  47. Report mm7041a2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Bohm et al. (2021)
    2021-10-15;70(41):1441-1446. Binge drinking among adults, by select characteristics and state — United States, 2018.
    Cited in sections 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, B.3.

  48. Report mm7043e2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Xu et al. (2021)
    2021-10-29;70(43):1520-1524. COVID-19 Vaccination and non–COVID-19 mortality risk — seven integrated health care organizations, United States, December 14, 2020–July 31, 2021.
    Cited in sections 5.2, 5.4, 6.1.

  49. Report mm7047e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) DeSisto et al. (2021)
    2021-11-26;70(47):1640-1645. Risk for stillbirth among women with and without COVID-19 at delivery hospitalization — United States, March 2020–September 2021.
    Cited in sections 5.3, 6.2, 6.3, B.2, B.3.

  50. Report mm705152a2 (HTML PDF1 | PDF2) Lutrick et al. (2021)
    2021-12-31;70(5152):1761-1765. Interim estimate of vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among adolescents aged 12–17 years — Arizona, July–December 2021.
    Cited in sections 5.5, 6.2.

  51. Report mm705152a3 (HTML PDF1 | PDF2) Wanga et al. (2021)
    2021-12-31;70(5152):1766-1772. Characteristics and clinical outcomes of children and adolescents aged 18 years hospitalized with COVID-19 — six hospitals, United States, July–August 2021.
    Cited in sections 3.2, 5.1, 6.2.

  52. Report mm7104e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) León et al. (2022)
    2022-01-28;71(4):125-131. COVID-19 Cases and hospitalizations by COVID-19 vaccination status and previous COVID-19 diagnosis — California and New York, May–November 2021.
    Cited in sections 5.2, 5.6, 6.3, B.3.

  53. Report mm7110e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Donovan et al. (2022)
    2022-03-11;71(10):384-389. SARS-CoV-2 incidence in K–12 school districts with mask-required versus mask-optional policies — Arkansas, August–October 2021.
    Cited in sections 6.2, 7.1, B.2, B.3.

  54. Report mm7114e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Block et al. (2022)
    2022-04-08;71(14):517-523. Cardiac complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection and mRNA COVID-19 vaccination — PCORnet, United States, January 2021–January 2022.
    Cited in section 4.1.

  55. Report mm7121a2 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Sapkota et al. (2022)
    2022-05-27;71(21):703-708. Seizure- or epilepsy-related emergency department visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic — United States, 2019–2021.
    Cited in sections 5.2, 5.5, B.3.

  56. Report mm7121e1 (HTML | PDF1 | PDF2) Bull-Otterson et al. (2022)
    2022-05-27;71(21):713-717. Post–COVID conditions among adult COVID-19 survivors aged 18–64 and ≥65 years — United States, March 2020–November 2021.
    Cited in sections 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 6.1, B.2, B.3.

A.2 MMWR reports cited in this review but not among the 56 selected

In addition to the 56 full reports selected for this review, the following reports are also cited:

  • Report mm6646a3 (HTML | PDF1) Marx et al. (2017)
    Cited in section 7.2.

  • Report mm7015a1 (HTML | PDF1) Luo et al. (2021)
    Cited in section 7.2.

  • Report mm7044e1 (HTML | PDF1) Bozio et al. (2021)
    Cited in section 7.2.

  • Report mm7048a1 (HTML | PDF1) Peterson, Miller, et al. (2021)
    Cited in section 7.2.

  • Report mm7048a2 (HTML | PDF1) Peterson, Luo, et al. (2021)
    Cited in section 7.2.

  • Report mm7049a3 (HTML | PDF1) Miller et al. (2021)
    Cited in section 7.2.

  • Report mm7102e2 (HTML | PDF1) Barrett et al. (2022)
    Cited in section 3.2.

  • Report mm7131a3 (HTML | PDF1) Kompaniyets et al. (2022)
    Cited in section 3.2.

  • Report mm7212e1 (HTML | PDF1) Chun et al. (2023)
    Cited in section 7.2.

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Beauregard JL, Hamner HC, Chen J, Avila-Rodriguez W, Elam-Evans LD, Perrine CG. 2019-08. Racial disparities in breastfeeding initiation and duration among U.S. infants born in 2015. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 68(34):745–748. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6834a3
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Czeisler MÉ, Tynan MA, Howard ME, Honeycutt S, Fulmer EB, Kidder DP, Robbins R, Barger LK, Facer-Childs ER, Baldwin G, et al. 2020-06. Public attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs related to COVID-19, stay-at-home orders, nonessential business closures, and public health guidance — United States, New York City, and Los Angeles, May 5–12, 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69(24):751–758. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e1
DeSisto CL, Wallace B, Simeone RM, Polen K, Ko JY, Meaney-Delman D, Ellington SR. 2021-11. Risk for stillbirth among women with and without COVID-19 at delivery hospitalization — United States, March 2020–September 2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70(47):1640–1645. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7047e1
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