6 Process Monitoring

6.1 Packages used in this chapter

library(magrittr) # used for %$% pipe
library(tidyverse)
library(ggplot2)
library(broom)

6.2 Case Stuidies

6.2.1 Lithography Process Example

Lithography process example

6.2.1.1 Background

One of the assumptions in using classical Shewhart SPC charts is that the only source of variation is from part to part (or within subgroup variation). This is the case for most continuous processing situations. However, many of today’s processing situations have different sources of variation. The semiconductor industry is one of the areas where the processing creates multiple sources of variation.

In semiconductor processing, the basic experimental unit is a silicon wafer. Operations are performed on the wafer, but individual wafers can be grouped multiple ways. In the diffusion area, up to 150 wafers are processed in one time in a diffusion tube. In the etch area, single wafers are processed individually. In the lithography area, the light exposure is done on sub-areas of the wafer. There are many times during the production of a computer chip where the experimental unit varies and thus there are different sources of variation in this batch processing environment.

The following is a case study of a lithography process. Five sites are measured on each wafer, three wafers are measured in a cassette (typically a grouping of 24 - 25 wafers) and thirty cassettes of wafers are used in the study. The width of a line is the measurement under study. There are two line width variables. The first is the original data and the second has been cleaned up somewhat. This case study uses the raw data. The entire data table is 450 rows long with six columns.

6.2.1.2 Data

litho <- read_table2("NIST data/monitor-6.6.1.1.dat", 
    skip = 4, col_names = FALSE) %>%
  rename(cassette = X1, wafer = X2, site = X3, raw_linewidth = X4, run_number = X5, cleaned_linewidth = X6)
## Parsed with column specification:
## cols(
##   X1 = col_double(),
##   X2 = col_double(),
##   X3 = col_character(),
##   X4 = col_double(),
##   X5 = col_double(),
##   X6 = col_double()
## )
litho
## # A tibble: 450 x 6
##    cassette wafer site  raw_linewidth run_number cleaned_linewidth
##       <dbl> <dbl> <chr>         <dbl>      <dbl>             <dbl>
##  1        1     1 Top            3.20          1              3.20
##  2        1     1 Lef            2.25          2              2.25
##  3        1     1 Cen            2.07          3              2.07
##  4        1     1 Rgt            2.42          4              2.41
##  5        1     1 Bot            2.39          5              2.38
##  6        1     2 Top            2.65          6              2.64
##  7        1     2 Lef            2.00          7              1.99
##  8        1     2 Cen            1.86          8              1.85
##  9        1     2 Rgt            2.14          9              2.12
## 10        1     2 Bot            1.98         10              1.96
## # … with 440 more rows

6.2.1.3 Generate some simple plots

ggplot(litho) +
  geom_line(aes(run_number, raw_linewidth))

ggplot(litho) +
  geom_point(aes(lag(raw_linewidth), raw_linewidth))
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing missing values (geom_point).

ggplot(litho) +
  geom_histogram(aes(raw_linewidth), colour = "white")
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.

ggplot(litho) +
  geom_qq(aes(sample = raw_linewidth))

6.2.1.4 Summarise the raw linewidth and cleaned linesidth data

litho %>% 
  dplyr::select(raw_linewidth, cleaned_linewidth) %>%
  summary()
##  raw_linewidth    cleaned_linewidth
##  Min.   :0.7465   Min.   :0.3205   
##  1st Qu.:2.0505   1st Qu.:1.6476   
##  Median :2.4533   Median :2.0367   
##  Mean   :2.5323   Mean   :2.0813   
##  3rd Qu.:2.9697   3rd Qu.:2.4856   
##  Max.   :5.1687   Max.   :4.3667

6.2.1.5 Plot the response against individual factors

ggplot(litho) +
  geom_point(aes(cassette, raw_linewidth), alpha = 1/3) +
  geom_boxplot(aes(cassette, raw_linewidth, group = cassette), alpha = 0, outlier.alpha = 1, outlier.colour = "red")

ggplot(litho) +
  geom_point(aes(wafer, raw_linewidth), alpha = 1/10) +
  geom_boxplot(aes(wafer, raw_linewidth, group = wafer), alpha = 0, notch = TRUE, outlier.alpha = 1)

ggplot(litho) +
  geom_point(aes(site, raw_linewidth), alpha = 1/10) +
  geom_boxplot(aes(site, raw_linewidth), alpha = 0, notch = TRUE, outlier.alpha = 1)

6.2.1.6 DOE plots

We need to gather the factors in to a single column

litho_DOE <- litho %>% 
  gather(`cassette`, `wafer`, `site`, key = DOE_factors, value = "value")
litho_DOE
## # A tibble: 1,350 x 5
##    raw_linewidth run_number cleaned_linewidth DOE_factors value
##            <dbl>      <dbl>             <dbl> <chr>       <chr>
##  1          3.20          1              3.20 cassette    1    
##  2          2.25          2              2.25 cassette    1    
##  3          2.07          3              2.07 cassette    1    
##  4          2.42          4              2.41 cassette    1    
##  5          2.39          5              2.38 cassette    1    
##  6          2.65          6              2.64 cassette    1    
##  7          2.00          7              1.99 cassette    1    
##  8          1.86          8              1.85 cassette    1    
##  9          2.14          9              2.12 cassette    1    
## 10          1.98         10              1.96 cassette    1    
## # … with 1,340 more rows
litho_group <- litho_DOE %>%
  group_by(DOE_factors, value)
litho_group
## # A tibble: 1,350 x 5
## # Groups:   DOE_factors, value [38]
##    raw_linewidth run_number cleaned_linewidth DOE_factors value
##            <dbl>      <dbl>             <dbl> <chr>       <chr>
##  1          3.20          1              3.20 cassette    1    
##  2          2.25          2              2.25 cassette    1    
##  3          2.07          3              2.07 cassette    1    
##  4          2.42          4              2.41 cassette    1    
##  5          2.39          5              2.38 cassette    1    
##  6          2.65          6              2.64 cassette    1    
##  7          2.00          7              1.99 cassette    1    
##  8          1.86          8              1.85 cassette    1    
##  9          2.14          9              2.12 cassette    1    
## 10          1.98         10              1.96 cassette    1    
## # … with 1,340 more rows
litho_summary <- litho_group %>%
  summarise(mean_factor = mean(raw_linewidth), count = n())
litho_summary
## # A tibble: 38 x 4
## # Groups:   DOE_factors [?]
##    DOE_factors value mean_factor count
##    <chr>       <chr>       <dbl> <int>
##  1 cassette    1            2.27    15
##  2 cassette    10           2.29    15
##  3 cassette    11           2.68    15
##  4 cassette    12           1.81    15
##  5 cassette    13           2.73    15
##  6 cassette    14           2.97    15
##  7 cassette    15           1.83    15
##  8 cassette    16           2.45    15
##  9 cassette    17           2.28    15
## 10 cassette    18           2.39    15
## # … with 28 more rows
ggplot(litho_summary) +
  geom_jitter(aes(DOE_factors, mean_factor), width = 0.2)

litho_summary_sd <- litho_group %>%
  summarise(sd_factor = sd(raw_linewidth), count = n())
litho_summary_sd
## # A tibble: 38 x 4
## # Groups:   DOE_factors [?]
##    DOE_factors value sd_factor count
##    <chr>       <chr>     <dbl> <int>
##  1 cassette    1         0.403    15
##  2 cassette    10        0.428    15
##  3 cassette    11        0.486    15
##  4 cassette    12        0.449    15
##  5 cassette    13        0.345    15
##  6 cassette    14        0.403    15
##  7 cassette    15        0.433    15
##  8 cassette    16        0.466    15
##  9 cassette    17        0.492    15
## 10 cassette    18        0.496    15
## # … with 28 more rows
ggplot(litho_summary_sd) +
  geom_jitter(aes(DOE_factors, sd_factor), width = 0.2)

6.2.1.7 Subgroup analysis

6.2.1.7.1 Run chart

The chart below adds the mean and control limits based on the standard deviation of the data.

sd_lw <- litho %$%
  sd(raw_linewidth)

mean_lw <- litho %$%
  mean(raw_linewidth)

ggplot(litho) +
  geom_line(aes(run_number, raw_linewidth)) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = mean_lw + 2*sd_lw, linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_hline(yintercept = mean_lw - 2*sd_lw, linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_hline(yintercept = mean_lw)

6.2.1.7.2 Summarise by wafer
litho_wafer <- litho %>%
  group_by(cassette, wafer) %>%
  summarise(wafer_mean = mean(raw_linewidth), wafer_sd = sd(raw_linewidth)) %>%
  rowid_to_column(var = "wafer_number") %>%
  ungroup()

litho_wafer
## # A tibble: 90 x 5
##    wafer_number cassette wafer wafer_mean wafer_sd
##           <int>    <dbl> <dbl>      <dbl>    <dbl>
##  1            1        1     1       2.47    0.431
##  2            2        1     2       2.13    0.311
##  3            3        1     3       2.22    0.456
##  4            4        2     1       2.43    0.443
##  5            5        2     2       1.87    0.296
##  6            6        2     3       2.05    0.322
##  7            7        3     1       1.68    0.331
##  8            8        3     2       1.83    0.311
##  9            9        3     3       1.70    0.333
## 10           10        4     1       2.18    0.441
## # … with 80 more rows
6.2.1.7.3 Wafer stats
sd_wafer <- litho_wafer %$%
  sd(wafer_mean)

rms_sd_wafer <- litho_wafer %>%
  dplyr::select(wafer_sd) %>%
  mutate(sd_squared = wafer_sd^2) %$%
  sqrt(mean(sd_squared))

mean_wafer_sd <- litho_wafer %$%
  mean(wafer_sd)

mean_wafer_sd
## [1] 0.407502
sd_wafer
## [1] 0.5862159
rms_sd_wafer
## [1] 0.4189227
6.2.1.7.4 Wafer mean control chart
ggplot(litho_wafer) +
  geom_line(aes(wafer_number, wafer_mean)) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = mean_lw + 2*sd_wafer/sqrt(5), linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_hline(yintercept = mean_lw - 2*sd_wafer/sqrt(5), linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_hline(yintercept = mean_lw)

6.2.1.7.5 SD control chart by wafer

Using the methods from (2.2.3.1. Control chart for standard)[https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/mpc/section2/mpc231.htm] we can construct an UCL for the standard deviations

ggplot(litho_wafer) +
 geom_histogram(aes(wafer_sd), colour = "white")
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.

ggplot(litho_wafer) +
  geom_line(aes(wafer_number, wafer_sd)) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 2*rms_sd_wafer)

6.2.1.7.6 Summarise by cassette
litho_cassette <- litho %>%
  group_by(cassette) %>%
  summarise(cassette_mean = mean(raw_linewidth), cassette_sd = sd(raw_linewidth)) %>%
  ungroup()

litho_cassette
## # A tibble: 30 x 3
##    cassette cassette_mean cassette_sd
##       <dbl>         <dbl>       <dbl>
##  1        1          2.27       0.403
##  2        2          2.12       0.412
##  3        3          1.74       0.309
##  4        4          2.44       0.515
##  5        5          3.02       0.528
##  6        6          2.58       0.446
##  7        7          2.32       0.472
##  8        8          1.78       0.449
##  9        9          1.78       0.422
## 10       10          2.29       0.428
## # … with 20 more rows
6.2.1.7.7 Mean control chart by cassette
ggplot(litho_cassette) +
  geom_line(aes(cassette, cassette_mean)) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = mean_lw + 2*sd_lw/sqrt(15), linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_hline(yintercept = mean_lw - 2*sd_wafer/sqrt(15), linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_hline(yintercept = mean_lw)

6.2.1.7.8 SD control chart by cassette
rms_sd_cassette <- litho_cassette %>%
  dplyr::select(cassette_sd) %>%
  mutate(sd_squared = cassette_sd^2) %$%
  sqrt(mean(sd_squared))


ggplot(litho_cassette) +
  geom_line(aes(cassette, cassette_sd)) +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 2*rms_sd_cassette, linetype = "dashed")

6.2.1.7.9 Variance compoent estimation

Attach the nessary libraries

library(lme4)
## Warning: package 'lme4' was built under R version 3.4.4
## Loading required package: Matrix
## Warning: package 'Matrix' was built under R version 3.4.4
## 
## Attaching package: 'Matrix'
## The following object is masked from 'package:tidyr':
## 
##     expand
library(broom)

Fit the random effects model and print the variance compoents

random_effects_model <- lmer(raw_linewidth ~ 1|cassette/wafer, data = litho)
summary(random_effects_model)
## Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
## Formula: raw_linewidth ~ 1 | cassette/wafer
##    Data: litho
## 
## REML criterion at convergence: 645.5
## 
## Scaled residuals: 
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -2.45850 -0.62363 -0.03559  0.57612  2.52347 
## 
## Random effects:
##  Groups         Name        Variance Std.Dev.
##  wafer:cassette (Intercept) 0.04997  0.2235  
##  cassette       (Intercept) 0.26452  0.5143  
##  Residual                   0.17550  0.4189  
## Number of obs: 450, groups:  wafer:cassette, 90; cassette, 30
## 
## Fixed effects:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept)  2.53228    0.09881   25.63
augment(random_effects_model)
##     raw_linewidth cassette wafer  .fitted       .resid      .hat
## 1        3.199275        1     1 2.397405  0.801869573 0.1424131
## 2        2.253081        1     1 2.397405 -0.144324427 0.1424131
## 3        2.074308        1     1 2.397405 -0.323097427 0.1424131
## 4        2.418206        1     1 2.397405  0.020800573 0.1424131
## 5        2.393732        1     1 2.397405 -0.003673427 0.1424131
## 6        2.654947        1     2 2.196917  0.458029715 0.1424131
## 7        2.003234        1     2 2.196917 -0.193683285 0.1424131
## 8        1.861268        1     2 2.196917 -0.335649285 0.1424131
## 9        2.136102        1     2 2.196917 -0.060815285 0.1424131
## 10       1.976495        1     2 2.196917 -0.220422285 0.1424131
## 11       2.887053        1     3 2.253183  0.633869650 0.1424131
## 12       2.061239        1     3 2.253183 -0.191944350 0.1424131
## 13       1.625191        1     3 2.253183 -0.627992350 0.1424131
## 14       2.304313        1     3 2.253183  0.051129650 0.1424131
## 15       2.233187        1     3 2.253183 -0.019996350 0.1424131
## 16       3.160233        2     1 2.318913  0.841320221 0.1424131
## 17       2.518913        2     1 2.318913  0.200000221 0.1424131
## 18       2.072211        2     1 2.318913 -0.246701779 0.1424131
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## 21       2.063058        2     2 1.987554  0.075503944 0.1424131
## 22       2.217220        2     2 1.987554  0.229665944 0.1424131
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## 114      2.231143        8     2 1.800398  0.430744600 0.1424131
## 115      1.311626        8     2 1.800398 -0.488772400 0.1424131
## 116      2.421686        8     3 1.934560  0.487126019 0.1424131
## 117      1.993855        8     3 1.934560  0.059295019 0.1424131
## 118      1.402543        8     3 1.934560 -0.532016981 0.1424131
## 119      2.008543        8     3 1.934560  0.073983019 0.1424131
## 120      2.139370        8     3 1.934560  0.204810019 0.1424131
## 121      2.190676        9     1 1.959423  0.231253427 0.1424131
## 122      2.287483        9     1 1.959423  0.328060427 0.1424131
## 123      1.698943        9     1 1.959423 -0.260479573 0.1424131
## 124      1.925731        9     1 1.959423 -0.033691573 0.1424131
## 125      2.057440        9     1 1.959423  0.098017427 0.1424131
## 126      2.353597        9     2 1.812932  0.540665183 0.1424131
## 127      1.796236        9     2 1.812932 -0.016695817 0.1424131
## 128      1.241040        9     2 1.812932 -0.571891817 0.1424131
## 129      1.677429        9     2 1.812932 -0.135502817 0.1424131
## 130      1.845041        9     2 1.812932  0.032109183 0.1424131
## 131      2.012669        9     3 1.667946  0.344723358 0.1424131
## 132      1.523769        9     3 1.667946 -0.144176642 0.1424131
## 133      0.790789        9     3 1.667946 -0.877156642 0.1424131
## 134      2.001942        9     3 1.667946  0.333996358 0.1424131
## 135      1.350051        9     3 1.667946 -0.317894642 0.1424131
## 136      2.825749       10     1 2.357094  0.468654771 0.1424131
## 137      2.502445       10     1 2.357094  0.145350771 0.1424131
## 138      1.938239       10     1 2.357094 -0.418855229 0.1424131
## 139      2.349497       10     1 2.357094 -0.007597229 0.1424131
## 140      2.310817       10     1 2.357094 -0.046277229 0.1424131
## 141      3.074576       10     2 2.218263  0.856312640 0.1424131
## 142      2.057821       10     2 2.218263 -0.160442360 0.1424131
## 143      1.793617       10     2 2.218263 -0.424646360 0.1424131
## 144      1.862251       10     2 2.218263 -0.356012360 0.1424131
## 145      1.956753       10     2 2.218263 -0.261510360 0.1424131
## 146      3.072840       10     3 2.334552  0.738288287 0.1424131
## 147      2.291035       10     3 2.334552 -0.043516713 0.1424131
## 148      1.873878       10     3 2.334552 -0.460673713 0.1424131
## 149      2.475640       10     3 2.334552  0.141088287 0.1424131
## 150      2.021472       10     3 2.334552 -0.313079713 0.1424131
## 151      3.228835       11     1 2.634201  0.594634324 0.1424131
## 152      2.719495       11     1 2.634201  0.085294324 0.1424131
## 153      2.207198       11     1 2.634201 -0.427002676 0.1424131
## 154      2.391608       11     1 2.634201 -0.242592676 0.1424131
## 155      2.525587       11     1 2.634201 -0.108613676 0.1424131
## 156      2.891103       11     2 2.533058  0.358044656 0.1424131
## 157      2.738007       11     2 2.533058  0.204948656 0.1424131
## 158      1.668337       11     2 2.533058 -0.864721344 0.1424131
## 159      2.496426       11     2 2.533058 -0.036632344 0.1424131
## 160      2.417926       11     2 2.533058 -0.115132344 0.1424131
## 161      3.541799       11     3 2.843834  0.697964510 0.1424131
## 162      3.058768       11     3 2.843834  0.214933510 0.1424131
## 163      2.187061       11     3 2.843834 -0.656773490 0.1424131
## 164      2.790261       11     3 2.843834 -0.053573490 0.1424131
## 165      3.279238       11     3 2.843834  0.435403510 0.1424131
## 166      2.347662       12     1 1.748642  0.599020267 0.1424131
## 167      1.383336       12     1 1.748642 -0.365305733 0.1424131
## 168      1.187168       12     1 1.748642 -0.561473733 0.1424131
## 169      1.693292       12     1 1.748642 -0.055349733 0.1424131
## 170      1.664072       12     1 1.748642 -0.084569733 0.1424131
## 171      2.385320       12     2 1.842730  0.542589503 0.1424131
## 172      1.607784       12     2 1.842730 -0.234946497 0.1424131
## 173      1.230307       12     2 1.842730 -0.612423497 0.1424131
## 174      1.945423       12     2 1.842730  0.102692503 0.1424131
## 175      1.907580       12     2 1.842730  0.064849503 0.1424131
## 176      2.691576       12     3 1.931171  0.760405467 0.1424131
## 177      1.938755       12     3 1.931171  0.007584467 0.1424131
## 178      1.275409       12     3 1.931171 -0.655761533 0.1424131
## 179      1.777315       12     3 1.931171 -0.153855533 0.1424131
## 180      2.146161       12     3 1.931171  0.214990467 0.1424131
## 181      3.218655       13     1 2.746640  0.472015127 0.1424131
## 182      2.912180       13     1 2.746640  0.165540127 0.1424131
## 183      2.336436       13     1 2.746640 -0.410203873 0.1424131
## 184      2.956036       13     1 2.746640  0.209396127 0.1424131
## 185      2.423235       13     1 2.746640 -0.323404873 0.1424131
## 186      3.302224       13     2 2.777867  0.524357171 0.1424131
## 187      2.808816       13     2 2.777867  0.030949171 0.1424131
## 188      2.340386       13     2 2.777867 -0.437480829 0.1424131
## 189      2.795120       13     2 2.777867  0.017253171 0.1424131
## 190      2.865800       13     2 2.777867  0.087933171 0.1424131
## 191      2.992217       13     3 2.652991  0.339226160 0.1424131
## 192      2.952106       13     3 2.652991  0.299115160 0.1424131
## 193      2.149299       13     3 2.652991 -0.503691840 0.1424131
## 194      2.448046       13     3 2.652991 -0.204944840 0.1424131
## 195      2.507733       13     3 2.652991 -0.145257840 0.1424131
## 196      3.530112       14     1 2.930121  0.599990877 0.1424131
## 197      2.940489       14     1 2.930121  0.010367877 0.1424131
## 198      2.598357       14     1 2.930121 -0.331764123 0.1424131
## 199      2.905165       14     1 2.930121 -0.024956123 0.1424131
## 200      2.692078       14     1 2.930121 -0.238043123 0.1424131
## 201      3.764270       14     2 3.045290  0.718980355 0.1424131
## 202      3.465960       14     2 3.045290  0.420670355 0.1424131
## 203      2.458628       14     2 3.045290 -0.586661645 0.1424131
## 204      3.141132       14     2 3.045290  0.095842355 0.1424131
## 205      2.816526       14     2 3.045290 -0.228763645 0.1424131
## 206      3.217614       14     3 2.875946  0.341667894 0.1424131
## 207      2.758171       14     3 2.875946 -0.117775106 0.1424131
## 208      2.345921       14     3 2.875946 -0.530025106 0.1424131
## 209      2.773653       14     3 2.875946 -0.102293106 0.1424131
## 210      3.109704       14     3 2.875946  0.233757894 0.1424131
## 211      2.177593       15     1 1.628454  0.549138745 0.1424131
## 212      1.511781       15     1 1.628454 -0.116673255 0.1424131
## 213      0.746546       15     1 1.628454 -0.881908255 0.1424131
## 214      1.491730       15     1 1.628454 -0.136724255 0.1424131
## 215      1.268580       15     1 1.628454 -0.359874255 0.1424131
## 216      2.433994       15     2 1.965194  0.468799916 0.1424131
## 217      2.045667       15     2 1.965194  0.080472916 0.1424131
## 218      1.612699       15     2 1.965194 -0.352495084 0.1424131
## 219      2.082860       15     2 1.965194  0.117665916 0.1424131
## 220      1.887341       15     2 1.965194 -0.077853084 0.1424131
## 221      1.923003       15     3 1.979982 -0.056978905 0.1424131
## 222      2.124461       15     3 1.979982  0.144479095 0.1424131
## 223      1.945048       15     3 1.979982 -0.034933905 0.1424131
## 224      2.210698       15     3 1.979982  0.230716095 0.1424131
## 225      1.985225       15     3 1.979982  0.005243095 0.1424131
## 226      3.131536       16     1 2.585214  0.546321560 0.1424131
## 227      2.405975       16     1 2.585214 -0.179239440 0.1424131
## 228      2.206320       16     1 2.585214 -0.378894440 0.1424131
## 229      3.012211       16     1 2.585214  0.426996560 0.1424131
## 230      2.628723       16     1 2.585214  0.043508560 0.1424131
## 231      2.802486       16     2 2.330170  0.472315945 0.1424131
## 232      2.185010       16     2 2.330170 -0.145160055 0.1424131
## 233      2.161802       16     2 2.330170 -0.168368055 0.1424131
## 234      2.102560       16     2 2.330170 -0.227610055 0.1424131
## 235      1.961968       16     2 2.330170 -0.368202055 0.1424131
## 236      3.330183       16     3 2.433764  0.896419252 0.1424131
## 237      2.464046       16     3 2.433764  0.030282252 0.1424131
## 238      1.687408       16     3 2.433764 -0.746355748 0.1424131
## 239      2.043322       16     3 2.433764 -0.390441748 0.1424131
## 240      2.570657       16     3 2.433764  0.136893252 0.1424131
## 241      3.352633       17     1 2.460815  0.891817709 0.1424131
## 242      2.691645       17     1 2.460815  0.230829709 0.1424131
## 243      1.942410       17     1 2.460815 -0.518405291 0.1424131
## 244      2.366055       17     1 2.460815 -0.094760291 0.1424131
## 245      2.500987       17     1 2.460815  0.040171709 0.1424131
## 246      2.886284       17     2 2.279169  0.607114639 0.1424131
## 247      2.292503       17     2 2.279169  0.013333639 0.1424131
## 248      1.627562       17     2 2.279169 -0.651607361 0.1424131
## 249      2.415076       17     2 2.279169  0.135906639 0.1424131
## 250      2.086134       17     2 2.279169 -0.193035361 0.1424131
## 251      2.554848       17     3 2.129874  0.424974257 0.1424131
## 252      1.755843       17     3 2.129874 -0.374030743 0.1424131
## 253      1.510124       17     3 2.129874 -0.619749743 0.1424131
## 254      2.257347       17     3 2.129874  0.127473257 0.1424131
## 255      1.958592       17     3 2.129874 -0.171281743 0.1424131
## 256      2.622733       18     1 2.191171  0.431561594 0.1424131
## 257      2.321079       18     1 2.191171  0.129907594 0.1424131
## 258      1.169269       18     1 2.191171 -1.021902406 0.1424131
## 259      1.921457       18     1 2.191171 -0.269714406 0.1424131
## 260      2.176377       18     1 2.191171 -0.014794406 0.1424131
## 261      3.313367       18     2 2.544520  0.768846869 0.1424131
## 262      2.559725       18     2 2.544520  0.015204869 0.1424131
## 263      2.404662       18     2 2.544520 -0.139858131 0.1424131
## 264      2.405249       18     2 2.544520 -0.139271131 0.1424131
## 265      2.535618       18     2 2.544520 -0.008902131 0.1424131
## 266      3.067851       18     3 2.449793  0.618058143 0.1424131
## 267      2.490359       18     3 2.449793  0.040566143 0.1424131
## 268      2.079477       18     3 2.449793 -0.370315857 0.1424131
## 269      2.669512       18     3 2.449793  0.219719143 0.1424131
## 270      2.105103       18     3 2.449793 -0.344689857 0.1424131
## 271      4.293889       19     1 3.531144  0.762745066 0.1424131
## 272      3.888826       19     1 3.531144  0.357682066 0.1424131
## 273      2.960655       19     1 3.531144 -0.570488934 0.1424131
## 274      3.618864       19     1 3.531144  0.087720066 0.1424131
## 275      3.562480       19     1 3.531144  0.031336066 0.1424131
## 276      3.451872       19     2 3.184155  0.267717185 0.1424131
## 277      3.285934       19     2 3.184155  0.101779185 0.1424131
## 278      2.638294       19     2 3.184155 -0.545860815 0.1424131
## 279      2.918810       19     2 3.184155 -0.265344815 0.1424131
## 280      3.076231       19     2 3.184155 -0.107923815 0.1424131
## 281      3.879683       19     3 3.459376  0.420306531 0.1424131
## 282      3.342026       19     3 3.459376 -0.117350469 0.1424131
## 283      3.382833       19     3 3.459376 -0.076543469 0.1424131
## 284      3.491666       19     3 3.459376  0.032289531 0.1424131
## 285      3.617621       19     3 3.459376  0.158244531 0.1424131
## 286      2.329987       20     1 2.375244 -0.045257340 0.1424131
## 287      2.400277       20     1 2.375244  0.025032660 0.1424131
## 288      2.033941       20     1 2.375244 -0.341303340 0.1424131
## 289      2.544367       20     1 2.375244  0.169122660 0.1424131
## 290      2.493079       20     1 2.375244  0.117834660 0.1424131
## 291      2.862084       20     2 2.359172  0.502911902 0.1424131
## 292      2.404703       20     2 2.359172  0.045530902 0.1424131
## 293      1.648662       20     2 2.359172 -0.710510098 0.1424131
## 294      2.115465       20     2 2.359172 -0.243707098 0.1424131
## 295      2.633930       20     2 2.359172  0.274757902 0.1424131
## 296      3.305211       20     3 2.429361  0.875850030 0.1424131
## 297      2.194991       20     3 2.429361 -0.234369970 0.1424131
## 298      1.620963       20     3 2.429361 -0.808397970 0.1424131
## 299      2.322678       20     3 2.429361 -0.106682970 0.1424131
## 300      2.818449       20     3 2.429361  0.389088030 0.1424131
## 301      2.712915       21     1 2.100673  0.612241684 0.1424131
## 302      2.389121       21     1 2.100673  0.288447684 0.1424131
## 303      1.575833       21     1 2.100673 -0.524840316 0.1424131
## 304      1.870484       21     1 2.100673 -0.230189316 0.1424131
## 305      2.203262       21     1 2.100673  0.102588684 0.1424131
## 306      2.607972       21     2 1.958099  0.649873442 0.1424131
## 307      2.177747       21     2 1.958099  0.219648442 0.1424131
## 308      1.246016       21     2 1.958099 -0.712082558 0.1424131
## 309      1.663096       21     2 1.958099 -0.295002558 0.1424131
## 310      1.843187       21     2 1.958099 -0.114911558 0.1424131
## 311      2.277813       21     3 1.936304  0.341509308 0.1424131
## 312      1.764940       21     3 1.936304 -0.171363692 0.1424131
## 313      1.358137       21     3 1.936304 -0.578166692 0.1424131
## 314      2.065713       21     3 1.936304  0.129409308 0.1424131
## 315      1.885897       21     3 1.936304 -0.050406692 0.1424131
## 316      3.126184       22     1 2.613089  0.513095276 0.1424131
## 317      2.843505       22     1 2.613089  0.230416276 0.1424131
## 318      2.041466       22     1 2.613089 -0.571622724 0.1424131
## 319      2.816967       22     1 2.613089  0.203878276 0.1424131
## 320      2.635127       22     1 2.613089  0.022038276 0.1424131
## 321      3.049442       22     2 2.459297  0.590145132 0.1424131
## 322      2.446904       22     2 2.459297 -0.012392868 0.1424131
## 323      1.793442       22     2 2.459297 -0.665854868 0.1424131
## 324      2.676519       22     2 2.459297  0.217222132 0.1424131
## 325      2.187865       22     2 2.459297 -0.271431868 0.1424131
## 326      2.758416       22     3 2.420937  0.337478956 0.1424131
## 327      2.405744       22     3 2.420937 -0.015193044 0.1424131
## 328      1.580387       22     3 2.420937 -0.840550044 0.1424131
## 329      2.508542       22     3 2.420937  0.087604956 0.1424131
## 330      2.574564       22     3 2.420937  0.153626956 0.1424131
## 331      3.294288       23     1 2.764077  0.530211208 0.1424131
## 332      2.641762       23     1 2.764077 -0.122314792 0.1424131
## 333      2.105774       23     1 2.764077 -0.658302792 0.1424131
## 334      2.655097       23     1 2.764077 -0.108979792 0.1424131
## 335      2.622482       23     1 2.764077 -0.141594792 0.1424131
## 336      4.066631       23     2 3.229016  0.837615083 0.1424131
## 337      3.389733       23     2 3.229016  0.160717083 0.1424131
## 338      2.993666       23     2 3.229016 -0.235349917 0.1424131
## 339      3.613128       23     2 3.229016  0.384112083 0.1424131
## 340      3.213809       23     2 3.229016 -0.015206917 0.1424131
## 341      3.369665       23     3 2.797817  0.571848447 0.1424131
## 342      2.566891       23     3 2.797817 -0.230925553 0.1424131
## 343      2.289899       23     3 2.797817 -0.507917553 0.1424131
## 344      2.517418       23     3 2.797817 -0.280398553 0.1424131
## 345      2.862723       23     3 2.797817  0.064906447 0.1424131
## 346      4.212664       24     1 3.155523  1.057140501 0.1424131
## 347      3.068342       24     1 3.155523 -0.087181499 0.1424131
## 348      2.872188       24     1 3.155523 -0.283335499 0.1424131
## 349      3.040890       24     1 3.155523 -0.114633499 0.1424131
## 350      3.376318       24     1 3.155523  0.220794501 0.1424131
## 351      3.223384       24     2 2.847300  0.376084016 0.1424131
## 352      2.552726       24     2 2.847300 -0.294573984 0.1424131
## 353      2.447344       24     2 2.847300 -0.399955984 0.1424131
## 354      3.011574       24     2 2.847300  0.164274016 0.1424131
## 355      2.711774       24     2 2.847300 -0.135525984 0.1424131
## 356      3.359505       24     3 2.861631  0.497873609 0.1424131
## 357      2.800742       24     3 2.861631 -0.060889391 0.1424131
## 358      2.043396       24     3 2.861631 -0.818235391 0.1424131
## 359      2.929792       24     3 2.861631  0.068160609 0.1424131
## 360      2.935356       24     3 2.861631  0.073724609 0.1424131
## 361      2.724871       25     1 2.440734  0.284136829 0.1424131
## 362      2.239013       25     1 2.440734 -0.201721171 0.1424131
## 363      2.341512       25     1 2.440734 -0.099222171 0.1424131
## 364      2.263617       25     1 2.440734 -0.177117171 0.1424131
## 365      2.062748       25     1 2.440734 -0.377986171 0.1424131
## 366      3.658082       25     2 2.822441  0.835641036 0.1424131
## 367      3.093268       25     2 2.822441  0.270827036 0.1424131
## 368      2.429341       25     2 2.822441 -0.393099964 0.1424131
## 369      2.538365       25     2 2.822441 -0.284075964 0.1424131
## 370      3.161795       25     2 2.822441  0.339354036 0.1424131
## 371      3.178246       25     3 2.561028  0.617217839 0.1424131
## 372      2.498102       25     3 2.561028 -0.062926161 0.1424131
## 373      2.445810       25     3 2.561028 -0.115218161 0.1424131
## 374      2.231248       25     3 2.561028 -0.329780161 0.1424131
## 375      2.302298       25     3 2.561028 -0.258730161 0.1424131
## 376      3.320688       26     1 2.885606  0.435081630 0.1424131
## 377      2.861800       26     1 2.885606 -0.023806370 0.1424131
## 378      2.238258       26     1 2.885606 -0.647348370 0.1424131
## 379      3.122050       26     1 2.885606  0.236443630 0.1424131
## 380      3.160876       26     1 2.885606  0.275269630 0.1424131
## 381      3.873888       26     2 3.101135  0.772753435 0.1424131
## 382      3.166345       26     2 3.101135  0.065210435 0.1424131
## 383      2.645267       26     2 3.101135 -0.455867565 0.1424131
## 384      3.309867       26     2 3.101135  0.208732435 0.1424131
## 385      3.542882       26     2 3.101135  0.441747435 0.1424131
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## 390      1.938037       26     3 2.486541 -0.548504386 0.1424131
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##          .cooksd   .fixed      .mu .offset .sqrtXwt .sqrtrwt .weights
## 1   7.094685e-01 2.532284 2.397405       0        1        1        1
## 2   2.298293e-02 2.532284 2.397405       0        1        1        1
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ggplot(augment(random_effects_model)) +
  geom_line(aes(seq_along(raw_linewidth), raw_linewidth)) +
  geom_line(aes(seq_along(raw_linewidth), .fitted), colour = "red")