2  Literature Review

2.0.1 Migration in the Indian Context

According to census of 2011, more than two third of the population stay in rural India i.e. 69% almost 1.21 billion people. With the urbanization and fastest growing cities in the Nation, the movement of the rural-urban population has increased tremendously. Rural population does not find significant economic sources to support their family, to support the family, people always move out of rural areas and migrate to urban areas. According to National Sample Survey (NSS) there is an increased rate of migration in urban areas from rural areas that is approximately 35%. The census of 2001, presented that 19% of total Indian population had moved internally in India. Migration comprises of 70 percent of women and marriage is the primary reason behind the migration of women whereas men migrated mostly for employment related reason.

2.1 Emerging trends in migration, particularly in relation to the field of construction/real estate business

Labourers, working in construction site are mostly migrated from rural areas. An agent always brings the migrant. It often happens that the labour does not know under whom they are working or for whom they are working.

Historically, urbanization and migration are pertinent to economic development and transformation of the society. The growing contribution of cities to India's GDP would be impossible, barring the contribution of migrant workers. The contribution of circular migrants constitutes 10 percent of the nation's GDP. Addressing the numerous challenges faced by the migrants requires dealing with various facets such as their citizenship, gender, children, health, voting rights, etc.

Among migrant construction workers, the nature of foot looseness is apparent. Interestingly, a study by Mukherjee, (2013) that explored migration histories of construction workers revealed that most of them, prior to getting into the construction sector because of pull factor such as higher wages, had a brief stint with small enterprises and engaged in activities such as laundry services, garment units, power looms and handloom units.

The migrant construction workers are mostly from places like Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orrisa and West Bengal