A.5 Grades and Other Inconveniences

A.5.1 Grading: the big picture

As it turns out, I have to produce a grade for your work in this course. Given that, I want to be sure that the grade reflects something useful: the level to which you showed proficiency with the content and skills that this course is about.

Things I don’t want this grade to reflect:

whether you had a bad day during midterms
whether a particular concept took a little longer to master
whether I decided a particular question was worth 3 points or 4 points

To this end, this course will be using a method called proficiency grading or standards-based grading. This sounds very fancy but what it comes down to is this: focusing not on a single test, or particular questions, or points (or half-points) – but on what you have demonstrated that you can do.

Your grade comes from two main components:

Engagement is about “statistician skills,” including communicating statistical concepts and results to others, asking questions about their work, and working together to produce knowledge. Engagement involves being a part of the community we’re building in this course – which is important in itself, improves your and your classmates’ learning of content, and prepares you to join the broader statistical community.

Content is about the specific topics we’ll address in this course, like “the regression equation” or “inference for means.”

Honestly, though, it can’t be more ridiculous than “My average is 89.4 so that’s a B+, but if I’d lost one point on that quiz back in Week 2 instead of two points, my average would be an 89.5 which rounds to 90 which is A-.”

I realize that this system may be new to you, and it may feel difficult to navigate at first. I’m happy to talk with you about all of this stuff – how you’re doing, pacing and scheduling, whether you’re on track to achieve your target grade, what you might want to focus on next.

A.5.2 Overview: How to Get an A (or Whatever)

Use this section as a quick intro (or reminder) for the grading system in the course. But be sure to read the more detailed sections below as they become relevant, or if you want more info :)

So, how do you get the grade you want in this course?

Prepare for each class by doing the reading and pre-class questions
Attend each class, and reflect on the class at the end with a wrap-up comment
Make an earnest attempt at the practice problems each week
Reach Excellent or Satisfactory proficiency on the required number of Assessments for your target grade
- This sounds vague for a reason :) Everyone has different study techniques that work well for them – and they may be different in different courses. If you’re not sure you’ve found yours yet, experiment! I’m happy to offer advice as well.
- Remember, you can re-attempt Assessments if you don’t reach your desired proficiency level right away!
Prepare a strong project presentation to show off your applied-stats skills. This is a big one, but it’s very attainable as long as you:
- Submit project components for feedback throughout the semester (and give feedback on your classmates’)
Retain a decent amount of this knowledge by the end of the semester, for the final check :)

In specific numerical terms, here are the things you need to do to achieve each base grade:

Not to be a downer, but please do note those engagement requirements for the D and A base grades! This means that even if things come up and you decide you need to pull back to the ungraded option (it happens!), you still have to reach Partial engagement in order to pass. And you can’t earn all those engagement credits in just a couple weeks at the end of the semester – it takes time. So even if you feel like the course isn’t going well, or isn’t your top priority, think about staying on pace with engagement throughout the semester. Honestly, the course will be more interesting that way :)

For a D base grade (or Pass, if you’re using the ungraded option), you must do all of these:
- Achieve 1 Excellent + 4 Satisfactory Level 1 proficiencies
- Achieve 3 Satisfactory Level 2 proficiencies
- Achieve Progressing proficiency on the Project
- Reach at least Partial engagement
For a C base grade, you must do all of these:
- Achieve 3 Excellent + 2 Satisfactory Level 1 proficiencies
- Achieve 3 Satisfactory Level 2 proficiencies
- Achieve Satisfactory proficiency on the Project
For a B base grade, you must do all of these:
- Achieve 5 Excellent + 1 Satisfactory Level 1 proficiencies
- Achieve 3 Excellent + 2 Satisfactory Level 2 proficiencies
- Achieve Satisfactory proficiency on the Project
For an A- base grade, you must do all of these:
- Achieve 5 Excellent + 1 Satisfactory Level 1 proficiencies
- Achieve 4 Excellent + 2 Satisfactory Level 2 proficiencies
- Achieve Excellent proficiency on the Project
For an A base grade, you must do all of these:
- Achieve 6 Excellent Level 1 proficiencies
- Achieve 5 Excellent + 1 Satisfactory Level 2 proficiencies
- Achieve Excellent proficiency on the Project
- Reach at least Satisfactory engagement

A.5.3 Assessments

Content is assessed primarily using Assessments. These are short, time-limited, solo activities that address a specific core topic. You can think of them as quizzes if that makes you happy. Or don’t, if it doesn’t. On Assessments, your goal is to demonstrate two levels of understanding: Level 1 is more about a basic grasp of the topic, while Level 2 is about being able to use the concepts and integrate them with an application and your larger understanding. Each level is graded as demonstrating one of four proficiency categories:

Excellent work shows a complete grasp of the topic or skill. Answers and reasoning are communicated clearly.
- Excellent work can contain minor errors that aren’t relevant. For example, an arithmetic error isn’t a problem in itself (this is not an arithmetic class, thank goodness). But it would be a problem if your statistical knowledge should have told you that the answer didn’t make sense, like if you calculated a probability to be less than zero.
Satisfactory work shows a solid grasp of the core of the topic or skill, with some smaller gaps or errors.
Progressing work shows a partial grasp of the topic or skill, but with some gaps that are pretty fundamental. It might be hard to understand the reasoning or the results.
Non-assessable work doesn’t provide enough information to assess understanding. It might have significant omissions or so many errors that it doesn’t make sense to address each one of them.

Note that these ESPN levels are the only actual “grades” on proficiency-graded assignments. In certain places on Moodle or Gradescope, you may be able to see a numerical score, but those numbers don’t mean anything independently – they’re just arbitrary values because the system makes me enter a number. The letter is what counts!

The nice thing about Assessments, as opposed to “regular” quizzes, is this: you can almost always retry them. In fact, I fully expect you to re-attempt some Assessments over the course of the semester. Generally, there will be a new Assessment every two weeks, and time set aside for retakes on the “off weeks” in between. In order to re-attempt an Assessment, you’ll request it via Google Form – including a short reflection about your previous attempt: what went wrong, and why it’s going to be better this time :)

“Final” Project: Arguably the coolest part of this course is the data project, in which you find and analyze a dataset on a topic that interests you. You’ll work on parts of this project throughout the course (hence the air quotes on “final”), culminating in a presentation to your classmates. The project is graded on the ESPN scale with an extra category, Wow, for work that’s really impressive – beyond the expectations of this course. You’ll get lots more details about the project as we go on.

Final Check: This takes the place of the final exam. It’s similar to an Assessment, but longer, and it may address any topic from the semester.

A.5.4 Engagement credit details

Engagement – helping to build a statistical community – is a vital part of the course. It’s assessed based on Engagement Credits. You earn credits by demonstrating your statistical communication skills and your contribution to the community.

The discussion below gets pretty detailed, but if you’d prefer to skip it, think of it this way. Standard engagement means you at least:

do the pre-class questions
attend class and post your wrap-up comments
attempt practice problems each week
complete your project components, and help your peers with feedback on theirs
…but take a few days off at some point.

Do this and you’ll be fine: your engagement will not affect your grade. The rest of the rules and numbers are just there to provide additional flexibility, and reflect engagement that’s much stronger (or less strong) than that standard.

Another way to think of this is: if you do all the “automatically scheduled stuff” that you get assignment notifications for (pre-class questions, class/activity/wrap-up, practice problems, project components), you’re fine: engagement will not affect your course grade. But if you miss out on any of the regular stuff (forget to do the pre-class questions, miss a day of class, turn in practice problems late, etc.) you can compensate by doing some posting to Topic Conversation forums.

Of course, you can also do Topic Conversation posting if you want engagement to improve your course grade :)

With that in mind, here’s the details:

Activities and credits

Here’s a table of the things that earn engagement credits. A point to note here is that most of these activities affect other people. Engagement isn’t just about you and your learning – it’s about how you contribute to the experiences of your classmates.

To earn credit, each activity has to be a respectable effort. Coming to class doesn’t count if you sleep the whole time; “lol same” doesn’t count as a substantive Topic Conversation post. (But saying something in a forum post that turns out to be incorrect is fine – being engaged doesn’t mean always being right!)

Activity	Credits
Complete pre-class questions	1
Attend class AND submit wrap-up comment	2
Post to a Topic Conversation (up to 4 in a week*)	1
Submit practice problems on time (honest effort)	4
Submit practice problems up to 1 week late	2
Submit project component on time	4
Submit project component up to 1 week late	2
Provide peer feedback on time, per person	2

There may also be special activities during the semester that could earn you engagement credits; I’ll announce them if any come up.

*That is, you can earn up to 4 of these credits in a week, for 4 substantive posts. You can also spend your Engagement boost to earn credit for additional posts.

Effects on course grades

Your engagement credit total is translated into a general engagement level, which then modifies your course grade (or doesn’t). The exact numbers are:

Level	Credits	Grade Effect
Excellent	200+	Add 1/3 letter
Standard	170-200	No effect
Partial	140-170	Subtract 1/3 letter
Nope	below 140	Prof’s discretion

A shorthand way to remember these thresholds is:

Standard engagement is doing all the “standard stuff” (attendance, PQs, project components and feeback, practice problems), except you completely peace out for a week (miss 3 days of class and 1 practice problem set)
Excellent engagement is Standard engagement, plus two Topic Conversation posts each week (and you do all of the practice problem sets, though you can still miss a few classes)
Partial engagement is Standard engagement, except you miss 3 weeks instead of just 1
“Nope” is…less engaged than that.
- This generally translates into a larger subtraction from the course grade. But there are sometimes special circumstances, which is why it says “Prof’s discretion” – I decide what to do in these cases individually.
- Again, if you find yourself in such circumstances, please talk to me or a dean! We are here to help you get back on track, even if your goals have changed.

Of course, most folks don’t find themselves in one of those specific scenarios :) It’s more likely that you’d, say, forget to do the PQs or miss a day of class, turn in some practice problems late, do a couple of Topic Conversation posts because you have a question about something…it’s flexible, which means it can be complicated. That’s why I suggest:

Tracking engagement

The TAs/graders for this course have the job of keeping track of your engagement. This is not an easy task, especially when folks do lots of Topic Conversation posts or turn things in late. So I strongly recommend that you also track your own engagement, so that you can confirm your official totals and contact the TAs if you think anything is off.

Many people find it’s easiest to track your own engagement in the online spreadsheet, then share the link with the TAs as needed – this means you’ll also be able to see your engagement progress at a glance, and won’t have to wait for the TAs to post points on Moodle. But other folks prefer simply to create a text file each week listing all their accomplishments. (I recommend adding to it each time you do something, so you don’t have to go digging through your history at the end of the week!)

When you do your engagement tracking, be sure to include links to each discussion post for which you want credit. That way, if the TA misses one, you can just send the link, and the TA can easily find and confirm it. The easiest way for you to manage this is just to record the permalink to each of your posts right when you post it, so you don’t have to wade through all of the forums to find them later :)

A.5.5 Fine Print

There are a few extra rules that govern this system, both to make things more flexible for you and to keep the general workload under control.

Assessment timing: By default, Assessments are every other Wednesday. We’ll set aside a block of time at the end of class.
- If you have to miss a class during which you would take or retake an Assessment, contact me. It may be possible to (re)take the Assessment during office hours, rather than having to do it during a retake slot in a later week.
Assessment retakes: There are also six pre-scheduled retake time slots, during “off weeks” when there’s no new Assessment.
- To obtain a retake, you first have to reflect on how things went the previous time! What were the issues? How have you improved your understanding in those areas?
- Your reflection doesn’t have to be a big long essay – it can be in the form of bullet points. But it must be thoughtful and specific, not just “I didn’t do well last time but now I studied more.” Your job is to convince me that the retake is going to go better! If your reflection is too short or vague, I’ll ask you to resubmit it; you can’t do the retake until this is complete.
- To ask for a retake, you fill out the retake request form online. This is where you write your reflection about your previous attempt…and tell me which Assessment you want to retake, since I’m not psychic :)
- You must fill out the retake request form by the Monday night preceding the retake time slot, so that I have time to review your reflection and prepare a new version of the Assessment for you.
- There is no limit on how late you can attempt an Assessment for a particular module. If you want to go back and re-attempt the Assessment for module 2 in week 11, go for it!
- Third attempts on the same Assessment are possible, but they’re not automatically guaranteed. If you’re requesting a third (or greater!) attempt on the same Assessment, your reflection needs to be extremely strong and specific. It’s a good idea to talk to me first!
Boosts: These are tokens you can spend to “break the rules.” You have 1 Engagement boost and 1 Assessment boost for the whole semester. If you’re spending a boost on something, tell me you’re doing so, so I don’t think there’s a clerical error.
- You can use your Assessment boost to do an extra Assessment attempt.
  - Since we only have one Assessment’s worth of class time set aside each week, you’ll have to schedule a time with me to do this extra attempt.
  - You cannot use your Assessment boost in the last week of classes (or later). Plan ahead!
- You can use your Engagement boost to get engagement credits for 4 extra Topic Conversation posts.
  - You can spread these posts over multiple weeks if you like. By spending one boost, you could earn credit for 8 posts in a single week instead of 4, or earn credit for 5 posts/week for four weeks.
- You can spend either boost to retry an Assessment that earned an N (see below).
Non-assessable retry rule: By default, you cannot retry an Assessment if your first attempt was N (Non-assessable). The idea here is that you don’t attempt an Assessment “cold”: first, make sure you have a basic understanding of the topic, for example by doing a practice problem. But if something goes wrong, you can still spend a boost to retry an Assessment with an N.
No-class days: It’s very important to me that you (and, I hope, I) will feel able to take actual time off during college breaks and no-class days; but I also understand that some folks really like to get work done during those breaks. So there are a few adjustments to keep in mind:
- Of course, we won’t have class during breaks!
- If we have a class session following a break, there will generally be pre-class reading/questions for it as usual. But I’ll try and keep this as minimal as possible, and make it available early, so that you do not have to do work over the break if you don’t want to.
- My appointment availability and email-checking times will be reduced over breaks and days off.
- You can potentially use your Assessment boost to do an extra Assessment attempt during a week that has days off, but plan ahead for this. If I’m not checking email, I’m not going to see your retake request, and there may be fewer available times when you can actually do the retake.
- Mountain Day: If Mountain Day falls during a class day, we’ll adjust the schedule accordingly. If it doesn’t, great! If you have a boost retake or other appointment scheduled for Mountain Day, we’ll reschedule for later.
- November break: Currently, there’s no Assessment or retake scheduled for this week (Week 12, 11/20 - 11/24). If you want to use a boost to do an Assessment this week, contact me by the end of Week 10 (11/10) to work out the logistics.
- Last week of classes: Bizarrely, our last class is on a Monday. We’ll talk more about end-of-semester logistics as we get closer.

A.5.6 Actual numbers

Base Grades

Here’s my philosophy of what grades mean:

A C student could get by in the next Stats course they take, with hard work and getting help when needed. So the student has demonstrated a basic familiarity with the core topics of this course, some familiarity with non-core topics, and some practice with statistical communication.
- A D student hasn’t shown the level of mastery of a C student. They’ve demonstrated familiarity with some core and non-core topics, but there are major gaps; they’ve done minimal work on statistical communication.
A B student can do everything a C student can do, plus extra. They’ve shown stronger mastery of the core topics, more grasp of non-core topics, and solid statistical communication skills.
An A- student can do everything a B student can do, plus extra. They’ve shown a solid grasp of all the core topics and most of the non-core topics. They’ve consistently demonstrated an ability to contribute to the statistical dialogue to boost their learning and that of their classmates.
An A student can do everything an A- student can do, plus extra. They’ve shown a true understanding of the course topics and a facility with applying them in context – and explaining them to others.

Here’s how that translates into the assessments above. Remember, there are 6 total Assessments. You show off your Level 1 and Level 2 skills on the same Assessment – you don’t take them separately :)

For a D base grade (or Pass, if you’re using the ungraded option), you must do all of these:
- Achieve 1 Excellent + 4 Satisfactory Level 1 proficiencies
- Achieve 3 Satisfactory Level 2 proficiencies
- Achieve Progressing proficiency on the Project
- Reach at least Partial engagement
For a C base grade, you must do all of these:
- Achieve 3 Excellent + 2 Satisfactory Level 1 proficiencies
- Achieve 3 Satisfactory Level 2 proficiencies
- Achieve Satisfactory proficiency on the Project
For a B base grade, you must do all of these:
- Achieve 5 Excellent + 1 Satisfactory Level 1 proficiencies
- Achieve 3 Excellent + 2 Satisfactory Level 2 proficiencies
- Achieve Satisfactory proficiency on the Project
For an A- base grade, you must do all of these:
- Achieve 5 Excellent + 1 Satisfactory Level 1 proficiencies
- Achieve 4 Excellent + 2 Satisfactory Level 2 proficiencies
- Achieve Excellent proficiency on the Project
For an A base grade, you must do all of these:
- Achieve 6 Excellent Level 1 proficiencies
- Achieve 5 Excellent + 1 Satisfactory Level 2 proficiencies
- Achieve Excellent proficiency on the Project
- Reach at least Satisfactory engagement

Those “Satisfactory” marks mean “S or better”, by the way. If you have 5 E’s and 1 S for Level 2 questions, that still meets the A- threshold for Level 2, even though technically you don’t have two S’s :)

If you’d like an analogy, consider weight training. You can do (the statistical equivalent of) one-arm bicep curls with free weights in class. But in the real world, you’ll be rowing – you have to train both arms. And don’t skip leg day!

Again, there are multiple types of thinking that are really central to this course – mastering core concepts, getting familiar with more advanced topics, working on statistical communication, and applying everything to your own data. That’s why you have to do all of the things on the list in order to achieve each base grade. (But see modifications, below.)

A note about the project: You will see from the list above that the project is a Big Deal. That’s true for a reason: the project is the part of this course that is closest to what you will do when practicing statistics in the real world. You are combining your skills with content and communication, and stepping out of textbook examples into real data.

That said: please don’t let this stress you out too much! You will be working on the project throughout the entire semester; you will submit components of it for feedback from instructors and peers; you will have plenty of time to retry, polish, and improve those components. The project might be the most important assessment in the course (and arguably the most interesting), but it is not meant to be the most intimidating. In all my years teaching stat courses with projects, at all different levels, I have almost never seen a student perform worse on the project than on other forms of assessment. Usually students do better on the project, because they’re more invested in the analysis!

Modifications to Base Grades

Grades also, you may recall, have these pluses and minuses attached to them. (So fancy!) Your base grade is modified based mainly on your level of engagement and on the Final Check.

The default level of engagement (Satisfactory) means there is no modification to your course grade – you get whatever base grade you earned based on Assessments and the project. Excellent-level engagement raises your course grade by 1/3 letter if your base grade is B or below; Partial-level engagement lowers your course grade by 1/3 letter. Engagement that doesn’t reach the Partial threshold may have a larger impact on your course grade.

The Final Check is a snapshot of your proficiency at the end of the course. It’s quite similar in content and format to the Assessments, but it’s longer, and reflects all of the topics we’ll have studied. It may raise or lower your course grade by 1/3 letter (or more if you, like, skip it), but to be honest, by far the most common outcome is that it does nothing. You’ll get more details about the Final Check later on.

Finally, there is a threshold-mismatch bonus (please let me know if you think of a better name for this). Suppose you reach a certain base grade, but you also achieve most (but not all) of the requirements for the next-higher base grade. Then you can add 1/3 letter to your course grade. This bonus does not apply if your base grade is already an A-.

A.5.7 Special cases

Ungraded option

This course is available to take on an Ungraded (credit/no credit) basis, if you are not a Math or Stat major. See the registrar’s rules on this here. If you take the course on an Ungraded basis, you can’t count it toward your distributional requirements. You have until Thursday, November 16 to ask the registrar to switch your grading basis (or switch it back if you change your mind).

If you’re debating whether to take the class Ungraded, I’m always happy to talk with you about it (though you do not have to get my permission, or even inform me!). I will not Judge You for taking the course Ungraded; there are lots of reasons why this can be a good idea, and ultimately it’s about what is right for you as a person and a student.

If you’ve never taken a course Ungraded before, please note that you are the one who makes that happen! You can tell me about your decision if you want, but I don’t and can’t do anything to make it official. You have to edit your registration via the form on the registrar’s website.

I do not do anything different internally if you’re taking the course Ungraded (again, I may not even know about it). I calculate your grade in the usual way; a D- or higher counts as Credit, anything else is No Credit. One nice thing about our assessment system is that you can gauge your own progress based on the concepts and skills you’ve mastered; but I also encourage you to chat with me about how you’re doing, especially if you plan to go on to another Stat course.

A gloomy moment: Note that all of the course components – including the project, Final Check, and engagement – still matter if you are taking the course Ungraded. In order to pass the course, your project must be at least at the P level, and you must reach the D threshold for Assessments and engagement – and your Final Check must be, well, good enough not to drag that down too far.

As always, if you find yourself in extenuating circumstances, I urge you to talk to me or a dean or both. Depending on the situation, we can talk about options like work flexibility, alternative assessments, withdrawing from the course, etc.

A.5.8 Flexibility and exceptions

I’ve done my best to build as much flexibility as possible into the structure of the course. If you look at the threshold values for base grades, you’ll see that even if you are aiming for an A in the course, you don’t need to have Excellent proficiency on every single thing; you could reach Excellent engagement even if you do nothing for a week or so. (I don’t recommend it, but you could.) There are few specific deadlines, except what’s necessary to make sure your classmates have a good experience (pre-class questions and project component feedback). You have access to Boosts that allow you to shift part of your workload earlier or later, or get an extra chance at a challenging task. My goal is to make it so that you can deal with other things that come up, work ahead, catch up, spend more time on topics that challenge you, and so on, without having to come ask me for exemptions and extensions – a process that’s stressful for you, and extra paperwork for everybody.

That said: stuff happens. Sometimes big stuff happens. If big stuff happens to you, good or bad – if you are in a situation that’s going to strain things beyond the flexibility built into the course – please talk to me about it as soon as possible. This includes but is not limited to concussions, physical or mental health issues, personal loss, unexpected accessibility concerns, being asked to serve on the Nobel Prize Committee – anything major, or anything that may affect you for more than two weeks or so. You don’t have to share personal details with me, and you can start by talking to a dean if you’d prefer. Again, I want you to succeed in this course, and I will work with you to find a solution that helps you do that while handling whatever is going on.

And on the flip side: flexibility is powerful, but it’s possible to have too much of it. If you know that you work better with more structure (or if you discover this about yourself during the semester!), I can work with you on building one. We can also talk about other ways to handle scheduling, pacing (working ahead or catching up), and balancing this course with your other responsibilities.