References

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Chapter One 1. MORE WORK 2. Kevin Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1999), 8. 3. Siddharth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery (New York: Columbia UP, 2010), x. 4. United Nations, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2006,” 33, http://www.unodc.org/pdf/ 5. traffickinginpersons_report_2006ver2.pdf (accessed November 13, 2013).

Chapter Two 1. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2011” (U.S. Department of State, 2011), 18, http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2011/164225.htm (accessed October 29, 2013). 2. Melissa Farley and Others, “Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries: An Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Trauma Practice 2, no. 3/4 (2003): 34, http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdf/Prostitutionin9Countries.pdf (accessed November 5, 2013). 3. Melissa Farley, Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress (New York: Routledge, 2004), 324. 4. Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa, 3d edition, African Studies 117 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 64. 5. Kevin Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1999), 240. 6. Philip S. Foner and Yval Taylor, eds., Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings, The Library of Black America (Chicago: Chicago Review, 2000), 579. 7. Office on Drugs and Crime, “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children” (United Nations, 2004), 42, http://www.unodc. org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf (accessed October 29, 2013). 8. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2011” (U. S. Department of State, 2011), 18, http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2011/164225. htm (accessed October 29, 2013). 9. “Global Trafficking in Women and Children: Assessing the Magnitude” (Central Intelligence Agency, 1999), cited in Amy O’Neill Richard, “International Trafficking in Women to the United States: A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime” (Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1999), https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-ofintelligence/ csi-publications/books-and-monographs/trafficking.pdf (accessed October 29, 2013). 10. Laura J. Lederer, “Demand Hub Sex Trafficking” (Global Centurion, 2010), http://www. globalcenturion.org/articles/articles-by-laura-j-lederer-j-d-%EF%BB%BF/demand-hubsex- trafficking/ (accessed October 29, 2013). 11. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2007” (U. S. Department of State, 2007), 8, http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007/82799.htm (accessed November 5, 2013). 12. Duren Banks and Tracey Kyckelhahn, “Special Report: Characteristics of Suspected Human Trafficking Incidents, 2008–2011” (U. S. Department of Justice, 2011), 3, table 2, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cshti0810.pdf (accessed November 5, 2011). 13. Roberta Perkins and Garry Bennett, Being a Prostitute: Prostitute Women and Prostitute Men (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1985), n.p. 14. Melissa Farley and Others, “Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries,” 34. 15. Melissa Farley and Howard Barken, “Prostitution, Violence, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Women and Health 27, no. 3 (1998): 37, http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ Farley%26Barkan%201998.pdf (accessed November 5, 2013). 16. Ibid. 17. Janice G. Raymond, Donna M. Hughes, and Carol J. Gomez, “Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States: International and Domestic Trends” (Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, 2001), 8, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/187774.pdf (accessed November 5, 2013). 18. “Domestic Sex Trafficking: The Criminal Operations of the American Pimp” (Polaris Project, 2000), 4, http://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/victims/humantrafficking/vs/documents/Domestic_ Sex_Trafficking_Guide.pdf (accessed November 5, 2013). 19. Ibid., 5. 20. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, “The Facts about Child Sex Tourism” (U. S. Department of State, 2008), n.p., http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/fs/08/112090. htm (accessed November 5, 2013). 21. “Official: More than 1M Child Prostitutes in India,” CNN International, May 11, 2009, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/11/india.prostitution.children/ (accessed November 5, 2013). 22. Dominique Roe-Sep and Yasmina Katsulis, “U.S.-Mexico Borderland Female Sew Workers: Family Responsibilities and Risks for Depression” in Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: Europe, Latin America, North America and Global, R. Dalla, L. Baker, J. Defrain eds. (Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2011), 151. 23. Heather J. Clawson and Others, “Human Trafficking Into and Within the United States: A Review of the Literature” (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009), 8–9, http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/humantrafficking/litrev/#TOC (accessed November 6, 2013).. Donna M. Hughes, “The Demand for Victims of Sex Trafficking” (Women’s Studies Program University of Rhode Island, 2005), 25, http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/ demand_for_victims.pdf (accessed November 13, 2013). 24. Richard J. Estes and Neil A. Weiner, “The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U. S., Canada and Mexico” (University of Pennsylvania, School of Social Work, Center for the Study of Youth Policy, 2001), 92, http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/restes/CSEC_Files/ Complete_CSEC_020220.pdf (accessed November 6, 2013). 25. Jessica Elliott and Kieran McCartan, “The Reality of Trafficked People’s Access to Technology,” The Journal of Criminal Law 77, no. 3 (June 2013): 255, http://eprints.uwe. ac.uk/20992/ 26. 1/jcla%2077%203%20255%20(2).pdf (accessed November 19, 2013). 27. Crimes Against Public Decency and Good Morals, Nevada Revised Statutes, sec. 201.356, NRS: Crimes Against Public Decency and Good Morals (2013), https://www.leg.state. nv.us/NRS/NRS-201.html#NRS201Sec356 (accessed November 6, 2013). 28. Heidi J. Larson and Jai P. Narain, “Beyond 2000: Responding to HIV/AIDS in the New Millennium” (World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, 2001), 17, http://www.hivpolicy.org/Library/HPP000107.pdf (accessed November 23, 2013). 29. Janice G. Raymond, “Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution and a Legal Response to the Demand for Prostitution,” Journal of Trauma Practice 2 (2003): 6–7, http://www. embracedignity.org/uploads/10Reasons.pdf (accessed November 6, 2013). 30. Melissa Farley, Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada: Making the Connections (San Francisco: Prostitution Research & Education, 2007), 13. 31. Ibid., 211. 32. Christine Stark and Carol Hodgson, “Sister Oppressions: A Comparison of Wife Battering and Prostitution” in Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress, Melissa Farley ed. (New York: The Haworth Press, 2012), 17-32. 33. “Together Against Trafficking In Human Beings: Sweden” (European Commission, 2013), n.p., http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/NIP/Sweden#A5 (accessed November 6, 2013).

Chapter Three 1. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2012” (U. S. Department of State, 2012), http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/192360.htm (accessed November 9, 2013). 2. Kevin Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1999), 240. 3. Patrick Besler, “Forced Labor and Human Trafficking: Estimating the Profits” (International Labour Office Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour, 2005), 18, http:// digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=forcedlabor (accessed November 13, 2013). CNNMoney, “Fortune 500: Our Annual Ranking of America’s Largest Corporations, 2012” (Cable News Network, 2013), http://money.cnn.com/ magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/full_list/ (accessed November 14, 2013). 4. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “What Is Human Trafficking?” (New York: UNODC, 2013), n. p. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-humantrafficking. html?ref=menuside (accessed November 9, 2013). 5. Nevada, the only state that permits prostitution, defines prostitution as “‘engaging in sexual conduct for a fee.” Crimes Against Public Decency and Good Morals, Nevada Revised Statutes, sec. 201.356. Arizona, one of the states with the strictest prostitution laws, defines it as “engaging in or agreeing or offering to engage in sexual conduct with another person under a fee arrangement with that person or any other person.” Criminal Code, Arizona Revised Statutes, sec. 13.3211, Arizona State Legislature (2013), http://www.azleg.gov/ ars/13/03211.htm (accessed November 9, 2013). 6. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, “What Is Modern Slavery?” (U. S. Department of State, 2013), http://www.state.gov/j/tip/what/index.htm (accessed November 13, 2013). 7. The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, Public Law 106–386, 114 STAT. 1464, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf (accessed February 28, 2014). 8. United States Census Bureau, “QuickFacts” (U. S. Department of Commerce, 2012), http:// www.census.gov/ (accessed November 13, 2013). 9. Besler, “Forced Labor and Human Trafficking,” 18. 10. UNODC analyzed a collection of 113 individual reports from 1996 to 2003 on human trafficking involving 161 countries and territories. This figure represents “the percentage of sources in the Trafficking Database that refer to cases involving” sexual exploitation as the purpose of trafficking. “One source can indicate more than one victim profile or form of exploitation.” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns,” fig. 16 and n. 13, (United Nations, 2006), 33, http://www.unodc.org/pdf/ traffickinginpersons_report_2006ver2.pdf (accessed November 13, 2013). 11. Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2012” (U. S. Department of State, 2012), 33, http://www.state.gov/documents/ organization/192587.pdf (accessed November 9, 2013). 12. Samuel H. Williamson and Louis P. Cain, “Measuring Slavery in 2011” (Measuring Worth, 2013), http://www.measuringworth.com/slavery.php (accessed November 13, 2013). 13. Anonymous 14. Hughes, “The Demand for Victims of Sex Trafficking,” 25. 15. Besler, “Forced Labor and Human Trafficking,” 18. 16. CNNMoney, “Fortune 500: Our Annual Ranking of America’s Largest Corporations, 2012.” 17. Tovin Lapan, “Pimp Subculture Filled with Money, Manipulation, Violence,” Las Vegas Sun, March 11, 2013, http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2013/mar/11/sex-sells/ (accessed November 14, 2013). 18. “Myths and Misconceptions,” (Polaris Project, 2013), http://www.polarisproject.org/humantrafficking/ overview/myths-and-misconceptions (accessed November 14, 2013). 19. Letter, Susan Kay Hunter, Executive Director, Council for Prostitution Alternatives (January 6, 1993) in Phyllis Chesler, “Woman’s Right to Self-Defense: The Case of Aileen Carol Wuornos,” St. John’s Law Review 66, no. 4/1 (1993): 952, http://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/ cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1799&context=lawreview (accessed November 14, 2013).

Chapter Four 1. Jessica Elliott and Kieran McCartan, “The Reality of Trafficked People’s Access to Technology,” The Journal of Criminal Law 77, no. 3 (June 2013): 263. http://eprints.uwe. ac.uk/20992/1/jcla%2077%203%20255%20(2).pdf (accessed November 19, 2013). 2. E. Kunze, “Sex Trafficking Via the Internet: How International Agreements Address the Problem and Fail to Go Far Enough,” Journal of High Technology Law 10 (2010): 241, in Elliot and McCartan, “The Reality of Trafficked People’s Access to Technology,” 259.Ibid. 3. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” (1963; The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, n.d.), http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/resources/ article/annotated_letter_from_birmingham/ (accessed November 19, 2013). 4. Schons, Mary, “The Chicago Fire of 1871 and the ‘Great Rebuilding,’” (National Geographic, 2001). 5. The National Association of Human Trafficking. 2012. http://blackburn.house.gov/ 6. uploadedfiles/letter_from_anti-trafficking_organizations.pdf (accessed February 28, 2014). 7. Linda M. Baker. 2005. “Undercover as Sex Workers: The Attitudes and Experiences of Female Vice Officers.” (Abstract) Women and Criminal Journal. 16(4). 8. Center of Excellence on Democracy, Human Rights and Governance in the Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance, “Counter-Trafficking in Persons Field Guide” (U. S. Agency International Development, 2013), 41, 45, 58, 61, 62, 75, http://www. usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2496/C-TIP_Field_Guide_Final_April%205%202013. pdf (accessed November 19, 2013). 9. Kara, Sex Trafficking, 223. 10. Victor Malarek, The Johns: Sex for Sale and the Men Who Buy It (New York: Arcade, 2009), 12, 87.

Chapter Five 1. Malarek, The Johns, 111–14. 2. Lars Backstrom and Others, “Four Degrees of Separation” (Cornell University Library, 2012), 12, http://arxiv.org/pdf/1111.4570v3.pdf (accessed November 22, 2013). 3. Mothers Against Drunk Driving, “25 Years of Saving Lives: 1980–2005,” Driven (Fall 2005): 9, http://www.madd.org/about-us/history/madd25thhistory.pdf (accessed November 22, 2005). 4. “History & Goals” (Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights, 2013), http://www.no-smoke.org/ aboutus.php?id=443 (accessed November 22, 2013). 5. The Nobel Foundation, “Martin Luther King Jr.—Biographical” (Nobel Media AB 2013, 1964), http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html (accessed November 22, 2013). 6. William Hague, William Wilberforce: The Life of the Great Anti-Slave Trade Campaigner (Orlando: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008), 216–17, 355–56. 7. Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela (New York: Back Bay Books, 1995), 610. 8. Susan Conroy, Mother Teresa’s Lessons of Love and Secrets of Sanctity (Huntington, Ind.: Our Sunday Visitor, 2003), 76. 9. “Myths and Facts about Trafficking for Legal and Illegal Prostitution” (Prostitution Research and Education, 2009), 3, 7, http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdfs/ Myths%20&%20Facts%20Legal%20&%20Illegal%20Prostitution%203-09.pdf (accessed November 22, 2013). 10. Nelson R. Mandela, “Lighting Your Way to a Better Future: Speech Delivered by Mr. N. R. Mandela at Launch of Mindset Network” (speech, Planetarium, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, July 16, 2003), http://db.nelsonmandela. org/speeches/pub_view.asp?pg=item&ItemID=NMS909&txtstr=education%20is%20 the%20most%20powerful (accessed November 22, 2013).

Epilogue 1. Mary Schons, “The Chicago Fire of 1871 and the ‘Great Rebuilding,’” National Geographic Education, January 25, 2011, http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/news/ chicago-fire-1871-and-great-rebuilding/?ar_a=1 (accessed November 23, 2013). 2. Teresa Wiltz, “The Chicago Fire: Out of the Ashes a New City—and a New Spirit—Rises,” Chicago Tribune, October 8, 1871, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chichicagodays- fire-story,0,2790977.story (accessed November 23, 2013). 3. Mary Schons, “The Chicago Fire of 1871 and the ‘Great Rebuilding.’” 4. Jo Anne Rayfield, “Historical Research and Narrative: Tragedy in the Chicago Fire and Triumph in the Architectural Response” (Northern Illinois University Libraries, 1997), 36, http://www.lib.niu.edu/1997/iht419734.html (accessed November 23, 2013). 5. Ibid., 34. 6. Ibid., 37.