2.1 Ethical guidelines
Studies must be designed to be ethical, and must meet ethical guidelines. Every Australian university (and probably every univeristy in the world) is committed to promoting and enforcing responsible research practices (RRPs), for people, animals and the environment.
Studies need to be ethical to minimise risk of harm to the environment and to participants, and to preserve the well-being, dignity, rights and safety of participants (including animals!).
Most research studies require a massive ethics approval process, which must be approved by an ethics committee. This process is necessary for any research conducted at all AUstralian universities and research organisations (such as Queensland Health).
There is insufficient space to cover all ethical issues in detail, but some are obvious and many ethical issues are common-sense.
Example 2.1 (Ethics) Some people think that ethics applies only to studies involving people and/or animals. However, this is not true: ethics is important in all types of research. For example:
An evaluation of ethics in engineering (Rubbo et al. 2019) found that 238 engineering articles published between 1945 and 2015 were retracted; the most common reason for retraction was unethical research practice.
A study of 807 researchers in ecology (Fraser et al. 2018) found very high rates of Questionable Research Practices (QRPs) by researchers (such as deciding on hypotheses after results are known), often above 50% for some types of QRPs; these results were similar to the rates of QRPs in psychology.
Coudert (2019) documents retractions in the chemical sciences in 2017 and 2018, a total of 331 articles. The reasons for the retractions include unethical practices such as falsification of data and plagiarism.